Studied by 0 people
so many freaking words
population growth rate (intrinsic growth rate)
the number of offspring an individual can produce in a given time period, minus the deaths of the individuals in that population during the same time period
biotic potential
under ideal conditions with unlimited resources available, every population has a maximum potential for growth
K-selected species
a species with a low intrinsic growth rate that causes the population to increase slowly until it reaches that carrying capacity of the environment
carrying capacity
the limit to the number of individuals that can be supported by an existing habitat or ecosystem, and is denoted as K
r-selected species
a species that has a high intrinsic growth rate, and their population typically increases rapidly
overshoot
when a population becomes larger than the environment’s carrying capacity
dieback (die-off)
a rapid decline in a population due to death
survivorship curve
a graph that represents the distinct patterns of species survival as a function of age
type 1 survivorship curve
a pattern of survival over time in which there is high survival throughout most of the life span, but then individuals start to die in large numbers as they approach old age
type 2 survivorship curve
a pattern of survival over time in which there is a relatively constant decline in survivorship throughout most of the life span
type 3 survivorship curve
a pattern of survival over time in which there is low survivorship (a high death rate) early in life with few individuals reaching adulthood
density-dependent factor
a factor that influences an individual’s probability of survival and reproduction in a manner that depends on the size of the population
density-independent factor
a factor that has the same effect on an individual’s probability of survival and reproduction at any population size
population growth models
mathematical equations that can be used to predict population size at any moment in time
fecundity
the ability to produce an abundance of offspring
exponential growth model
a growth model that estimates a population’s future size after a period of time based on the biotic potential and the number of reproducing individuals currently in the population
j-shaped curve
the curve of the exponential growth model when curved
logistic growth model
a growth model that describes a population whose growth is initially exponential, but slows as the population approaches the carrying capacity of the environment
s-shaped curve
the shape of the logistic curve model when graphed
limiting resource
a resource that a population cannot live without and that occurs in quantities lower than the population would require to increase in size
demography
the study of human populations and population trends
demographer
a scientist in the field of demography
immigration
the movement of people into a country or region, from another country or region
emigration
the movement of people out of a country or region
crude birth rate (CBR)
the number of births per 1000 individuals per year
crude death rate (CDR)
the number of deaths per 1000 individuals per year
net migration rate
the difference between immigration and emigration in a given year per 1000 people in a country
life expectancy
the average number of years that an infant born in a particular year in a particular country can be expected to live, given the current average life span and death rate in that country
infant mortality
the number of deaths of children under 1 year of age per 1000 live births
child mortality
the number of deaths of children under 5 per 1000 live births
environmental justice
the study of the disproportionate exposure to environmental hazards experienced by people of color, recent immigrants, and people of lower socio-economic backgrounds: and is both an academic field and social movement
age structure diagram
a visual representation of the number of individuals within specific age groups for a country, typically expressed for males and females
developing countries
countries with relatively low levels of industrialization and income
developed countries
countries that have relatively high levels of industrialization and income
population momentum
continued population growth reduction measures have been implemented
total fertility rate (TFR)
an estimate of the average number of children that each woman in a population will bear throughout her childbearing years
doubling time
the number of years it takes a population to double
rule of 70
a method which dictates that by dividing the number 70 by the percentage population growth rate we can determine a population’s doubling time
theory of demographic transition
a theory that states that a country moves from high to lower birth and death rates as development occurs and that country moves from a preindustrial to an industrialized economic system
IPAT equation
a conceptual representation of the three major factors that influence environmental Impact: Population of humans, Affluence, Technology
population pyramid
an age structure diagram that is widest at the bottom and smallest at the top, typical of developing countries
