PBS UNIT 4 - DESIGNING THE FUTURE (4.1.1 – 4.1.6)

Design brief

Represents a client-identified need.

Starting point of user-centered design

Understanding audience needs and empathizing with experiences.

Design process

Systematic problem-solving approach used by scientists and engineers.

Iterative design process

Repetitive nature allowing revisiting of steps.

Coronary artery disease

Blockage or narrowing of coronary arteries.

Atherosclerosis

Buildup of plaque and fatty deposits in coronary arteries.

Risk factors for atherosclerosis

High blood pressure, high cholesterol, lack of exercise, smoking, diabetes.

Coronary stenting

Process of using a stent to treat blocked arteries.

Stent function

Keeps blood vessels open.

Drug-eluting material

Coating with a drug for durability.

Thrombosis

Clotting.

Models in experimental design

Simplified versions aiding in design understanding and communication.

Computer-aided design (CAD) program

Used for creating 3D models.

R & D scientist

Research and development role.

3D Software Engineer

Creates physical and 3D models.

Regenerative medicine

Field combining tissue engineering and molecular biology for cell replacement.

HLA typing

Testing surface antigens for transplantation compatibility.

Immunosuppressant drugs

Suppress the immune system.

Xenotransplantation

Transplanting organs from different species into humans.

Ghost organs

Cells removed from an organ leaving a protein scaffold.

Bioprinting

3D printing scaffold for cell growth.

Stem cells

Cells with the ability to develop into different types.

Biomedical engineer

Develops tools for disease diagnosis and treatment.

Bioprinter

Device using cells and biomaterials for body part development.

SDS in organ scaffold preparation

Destroys apple cells for scaffold creation.

Preventive medicine

Aims to protect health and prevent diseases.

Vaccine purpose

Increases immunity to infections.

Primary prevention

Strategies to prevent disease occurrence.

Secondary prevention

Strategies for early disease detection.

Tertiary prevention

Strategies to support individuals with serious diseases.

Risk factor

Attribute increasing disease chance.

Prevention importance in healthcare

Reduces disease risk and care costs.

Formulations

Specific chemical make-up of pharmaceuticals.

Histamines production

In response to allergens.

Digestive system organs functions

Oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, salivary glands, pancreas, gallbladder, liver.

pH

Describes acidity or basicity.

Stomach glands

Produce digestive juices with acids and enzymes.

Chyme

Liquid leaving the stomach for the small intestine.

Bile function

Breaks down fats and creates a basic environment.

Enteric coating purpose

Prevents quick dissolution in the stomach.

Enteric coatings

Made from sodium alginate and shellac.

Sodium alginate

Seaweed-derived gooey substance.

Shellac

Natural adhesive from the lac bug.

Pharmaceutical scientists

Investigate how compounds interact with cells

Discovery

Identify new compounds for treatment

Developement

Research and test drug effectiveness

Manufacture

Produce drugs for patients

Resume

Brief summary of personal, educational, and professional experience

Cover letter

Introduces candidate to employer and explains fit for position

Testing medications in a simulated environment

Ensures effectiveness and impact

Experimental design role

Step 4 in the design process, construct and test

Biomimicry

Designing based on living organisms or processes

Criteria

Necessary solution characteristics (Ex:solar powered)

Decision matrix

Table to evaluate and compare design choices systematically

Key for numerical rating scale

Determines good or bad ratings for solutions

Maintaining correct proportions in sketches

Break object down into simpler components

Shading sketch tips

Avoid using pencil tip, one-tone coloring, harsh blocks of highlight and shadow, and flat gradients.