Unit 4.1.1 Open for Innovation

1. What is the purpose of the 14 challenges for innovation proposed by the National Academy of Engineers?

• The challenges proposed by the National Academy of Engineers reflect problems that impact human health and wellness.

2. What does a design brief represent, or tell us?

• design briefs represent a need that has been identified by a client

3. In user-centered design, what is the starting point of design work?

• The starting point of user-centered design is understanding the needs of the intended audience and empathizing with their experiences.

4. In practice, how do designers start their design work?

• designers start by asking questions, observing the challenge, and reserving personal judgment

5. What is the design process?

• A systematic approach to problem-solving with criteria and constraints used by scientists and engineers to develop a solution.

6. Describe the six steps of the design process

• define the problem

• generate concepts

• develop a solution

• construct and test

• evaluate the solution

• present solution

7. Why is the design process considered an iterative process?

• The design process is repetitive, there is no specific order to completing it.  You can always go back to the first and second step.  For example, if your experiment doesn’t work you might want to go back to step three to determine another solution to solve the problem.

Unit 4.1.2 Device Lab

8. What is the leading cause of death in the United States?

• heart disease

9. What is coronary artery disease?

• blockage or narrowing of the coronary artery

10. What causes coronary artery disease?

• anthersclerosis

11. What is atherosclerosis?

• buildup of plaque and fatty deposits in the coronary artery

12. What are risk factors for atherosclerosis?

• high blood pressure, high cholesterol, lack of excercise, smoking, family history of smoking, diabetes

13. How do you treat arteries that are blocked?

• use a stent

14. What vessels supply oxygen-rich blood to the heart muscle?

• coronary arteries

15. Complete the following:

16. Where is a catheter inserted to deliver the stent?

• wrist

17. What are the functions of the stent?

• keep a blood vessel open

18. What is meant by drug-eluting material?

• durable material that is coated with a drug

19. What is thrombosis?

• clotting

20. Why are models used in experimental design?

• models are simplified versions of the device you want to make.  They can help you think about and communicate the design to other scientists.

21. What is a computer-aided design (CAD) program used for?

• to create 3D models

22. Explain the additive and subtractive method used in CAD.

• Additive method is used to group two objects together

• Subtractive method is used to make holes in objects or to make them hollow.

23. Describe the job of an R & D scientist.

• stands for research and development 

24. Describe the job of a 3D Software Engineer.

• makes physical and 3D models

Unit 4.1.3 Regenerative Medicine

25. Define regenerative medicine.

• a scientific field that combines tissue engineering and molecular biology to replace or replicate human cells.

26. When organ donors die in a hospital setting, why are they put on respirators?

• to keep the heart beating and the rest of the organs alive before surgical removal.

27. Under what conditions might an organ donor not be able to donate organs, even if they pass away in a hospital?

• if their organs are damaged, incompatible with the patient, may transfer serious illness

28. Complete the table using the biodigital human resource in step 1:

29. Which organs can be donated from living donors?

• kidney, a part of the liver, pancreas, intestine

30. Complete the table:

31. What is the difference between “self” and “non-self” antigens?

• antigens that are found inside the body are deemed as self and those that aren’t normally found inside the body like viruses are deemed as nonself.

32. To determine a match between a donor and a recipient, what two components need to be evaluated?

• blood type and HLA typing

33. What is HLA typing?

• a process where the surface antigens of possible donors and recipients are tested to determine the compatibility for transplantation

34. How many HLA antigens are there?

• 6

35. Describe immunosuppressant drugs.

• drugs that suppress the immune system

36. What type of transplant is least likely to require  immunosuppressive therapy?

• eye transplantation

37. What is xenotransplantation? 

• The transplantation of cells, tissues, or organs from a different species into a human for the purpose of improving health or extending life of the human.

38. What are the pros and cons of xenotransplantation?

• Some pros are that organs obtained from xenotransplantation are more available than human organs.

• The cons are that the organs may have a higher rejection rate and transfer disease from animals to humans.

39. Describe the following engineering alternatives to transplants:

    1. Ghost organs - the cells are taken from an actual organ leaving the protein scaffold.  Cells are then added and grown in culture.

    2. Bioprinting - 3D prints the scaffold and cells are added and grown in culture.

40. What are stem cells?

• has the ability to develop into different types of cells

41. Describe the job of a biomedical engineer.

• develop new tools and devices to help improve the diagnosis and treatment of disease.

42. What is a bioprinter?

• a device that uses cells, hormones, and biomaterials such as proteins to develop new body parts.

43. Briefly describe the steps used to explore the use of apples as possible scaffolds for organ replacement. (HINT: there are 4)

• carve the apple slice into the shape of an organ

• check the translucency of the apple slice.  It should be opaque.

• remove the apple cells from the apple slice

• check the translucency of the apple slice.  It should be transparent.

44. Why is SDS used to prepare apple slices as possible scaffolds for organ replacement?

• SDS is a really strong soap and is capable of destroying apple cells.

45. When the cells were removed from the apple, what is the scaffold that was left behind made of?

• protein

46. Why is it important to have a negative control in an experiment?

• to know what will happen if the experiment doesn’t work.

Unit 4.1.4 Health Promotion

47. What does the field of preventive medicine aim to do?

• protect health and prevent disease, disorder, and injury in individuals, communities, and defined populations.

48. Explain the difference between treatment and prevention.

• treatment is curing the disease while prevention is stopping the disease from happening in the first place.

49. Provide examples of treatment.

• antibiotics and medication

50. Provide examples of prevention.

• masks and vaccines

51. What is the purpose of a vaccine?

• increases immunity to certain infections

52. Define primary prevention and provide an example.

• strategies to stop a disease from occuring

• Ex: quitting smoking

53. Define secondary prevention and provide an example.

• strategies to detect a disease early on.

• Ex: MRI scans

54. Define tertiary prevention and provide an example.

• strategies to support and help individuals with serious diseases.

• Ex: physical therapy

55. How can education help at each level of prevention?

• teaches people the things they could do to stay healthy and lower the risk of them catching disease.

56. What are the character traits of a preventive medicine specialist?

• be able to plan, evaluate, and manage health care services, and have a thorough understanding of human behavior through strong skills such as empathy and communication.

57. Describe the job of a preventive medicine specialist.

• prevent disease and improve patient health

58. What is a risk factor?

• an attribute that increases the chance of you getting a disease.

59. Explain the difference between modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors and provide examples of each.

• modifiable risk factors can be changed while nonmodifiable risk factors cant be changed.

• modifiable risk factors are lifestyle

• nonmodifiable risk factors are genetic conditions

60. Explain how risk factors such as stress, work environment and type II diabetes may be non-modifiable.

• Stress may not be modifiable if you live in a feuding family.  When the people you love are constantly at odds with each other, that can cause you a lot of stress.  We can also become stressed out due to outside pressures like school, peers, and family members.  Stress can also be triggered during fight or flight situations.  If you have difficulty trusting people, you may be constantly on edge.

• Being in a work environment where the work is laborious and tedious can affect your overall health.  Being handicapped and put in a situation where you can’t control the danger that's involved in your work can decrease your health.  An example of this is working as a policeman or fireman.

• A tough schedule makes it hard for people to find time to eat, when they do eat they end up overeating.  Healthy food also tends to be a lot more expensive than junk food which is cheaper and more available.

61. Why is prevention an important part of health care?

• Sometimes a cure for a disease isn’t always guaranteed.  If the necessary steps are taken to prevent a disease from happening, then there will be less of a chance of contracting the disease, and lowers the cost of care.  Prevention is an important step in ensuring that you stay healthy.

Unit 4.1.5 Drug Design Lab

62. The specific chemical make-up of pharmaceuticals are called formulations

63. List several routes of drug delivery.

• pills, tablets, liquid medicine, iv fluids, shots, ear drops, eye drops, nasal sprays

64. Explain the difference between active and inactive ingredients found in medicines.

• active - the ingredients that can change the body

• inactive - non medicated part of a drug

65. Describe what happens to a pill after it is ingested.

• after a pill is ingested, it goes through the esophagus and reaches the stomach where it dissolves a little bit and then it enters the small intestine where it gets completely digested and absorbed into the blood stream.

66. When are histamines produced?

• in response to an allergen such as pollen or dust

67. Label the following diagram of the digestive system using the following terms (oral cavity, liver, gallbladder, small intestine, large intestine, stomach, esophagus, pancreas, rectum):

68. State the functions of the Digestive System organs:

69. Define pH: a number used to describe how acidic or basic something is

70. Describe the pH scale and its relationship to the number of hydrogen ions.

• acidic substances have a pH less than 7 and basic substances have a pH higher than 7.

• neutral substances have a pH of 7

• the more hydrogen ions in a solution, the more acidic it is and the lower it is on the scale.

71. An acidic solution has more or less hydrogen ions than water?

• more

72. A basic solution has more or less hydrogen ions than water? 

• less

73. What do stomach glands produce?

• digestive juices containing acids and enzymes

74. Why does the environment of the stomach need to be acidic?

• the environment needs to be acidic to break down food to a small degree

75. Where does most of the digestion of food occur?

• small intestine

76. What is chyme?

• a thick liquid that leaves the stomach and enters the small intestine

77. What is the function of bile?

• breaks down fats

• used to create a basic environment

78. Where does absorption take place?

• small intestine

79. Why are pills manufactured with an enteric coating?

• to prevent it from dissolving too quickly in the stomach

• to prolong shelf life

• to make them taste better

80. How are enteric coatings made?

• using a combination of sodium alginate and shellac

81. Describe sodium alginate.

• made from seaweed

• made of many simple sugars

• stiff gooey substance

82. Describe shellac.

• secreted by the lac bug of India and Thailand

• acidic properties

• natural adhesive

• when dried, it can yield a hard, plastic-like material

83. What happens when sodium alginate and shellac are mixed together?

• crosslinking occurs creating a hard surface

84. Where in the GI tract does an enteric coated pill dissolve?

• small intestine

85. How do pharmaceutical scientists spend their day?

• investigate how compounds interact with cells

• discover, develop and manufacture drugs

86. Explain the three stages of drug development:

    1. Discovery - identify new compounds that can be used to treat disease or injury

    2. Development - research and test to ensure that the new drug is effective

    3. Manufacturing - produce new drug to be used by patients

87. Describe a resume.

• a document providing a brief summary of a candidate’s personal, educational, and professional experience

88. Describe a cover letter.

• a tool used to introduce a candidate to a potential employer and present why they would be a good fit for the position

89. Why is it a good idea to test medications in a simulated environment?

• to see if it will actually work

• if done on an actual person, its harder to tell if the pill gets dissolved

• we won’t know how the pill will affect the person if the experiment doesn’t work.

90. What role does experimental design play in the design process?

• step 4: construct and test

Unit 4.1.6 Innovation by Inspiration

91. Explain the concept of biomimicry. Include an example.

• designing materials, structures and systems that are modeled after living organisms or processes

92. Which living organism inspired the technology for:

    1. Solar panels - leaves

    2. Surgical glue - muscles

    3. Search and rescue robots - crabs

    4. Energy efficient skyscrapers - termite mounds

    5. Bus grab handles - cicada wings

    6. Hypodermic needles - porcupine needles

93. Describe the difference between criteria and constraints. Provide one example of each.

• criteria are the necessary characteristics of a solution Ex: solar powered

• constraints are anything that will restrict the possibility of our solution working.  Ex: cost less than $150

94. What is a decision matrix?

• a table that helps you systematically evaluate and compare multiple design choices to develop an overall rating for each choice

95. Explain the different elements of a decision matrix:

1. A- Rating scale: rate each solution

2. B- Column headers: lists the criteria and constraints

3. C- Ideas Column: potential solutions

4. D- Total column: overall rating for each potential solution

5. What is the purpose of a key for a numerical rating scale?

• to determine which numbers are used to describe the solution as good or bad

96. When you draw a sketch of an object and you want to keep the correct proportions, what should you do?  (HINT: Click on “Concept Sketching” under step 16 & watch the short video)

• break the object down using a simpler component of the object

97. What are some things you should avoid when you shade your sketches? (HINT: Click on “Concept Sketching” under step 16 & watch the short video)

• avoiding using the tip of the pencil

• avoid coloring in objects with only one tone

• avoid harsh blocks of highlight and shadow

• avoid using flat gradients