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Enlightenment
An era of reason and logic separate from the government, emerged in England during the 1600s after political turmoil.
Philosophes' Beliefs
Key beliefs of the Enlightenment thinkers included reason, nature, happiness, progress, and liberty.
Thomas Hobbes
Philosopher who believed in a social contract where people give up rights for a strong ruler, advocating for absolute monarchy.
John Locke
Philosopher who emphasized natural rights of life, liberty, and property, and believed in self-government and the right to overthrow a government.
Voltaire
Influential philosopher who fought for tolerance, reason, freedom of religious belief, and freedom of speech through satire.
Montesquieu
Philosopher who proposed the separation of powers and checks and balances in government, influencing the U.S. Constitution.
Jean Jacques Rousseau
Philosopher advocating for individual freedom, direct democracy, equality, and the abolition of titles of nobility.
Bonesana Beccaria
Italian philosopher who criticized justice abuses and advocated for fair trials, no torture, and punishment based on the crime committed.
