Chapter Three: The Social Self

Psychological factors

________ can counteract self- regulation fatigue.

Introspection

________: a looking inward at ones own thoughts and feelings.

Ingratiation

________: acts that are motivated by the desire to get along with others and be liked.

East asians

________ are quick to associate the self with positive traits, but are more likely to associate the self with contradictory negative traits as well.

Overjustification

________ effect: reward for an enjoyable activity can undermine interest in that activity.

Strategic self presentation

________: our efforts to shape others impressions in specific ways in order to gain influence, power, sympathy, or approval.

Ironic processes

________: at times, the harder you try to inhibit a thought, feeling, or behavior, the less likely you are to succeed.

Humans

________ are biologically equipped for survival purposes to "print "dramatic events in memory.

Individualism

________ and collectivism are so deeply ingrained in a culture that they mold our very self- conceptions and identities.

Positive illusions

________ can give rise to chronic patterns of self- defeating behavior.

Self presentation

________: the process by which we try to shape what other people think of us and what we think of ourselves.

Intrinsic motivation

________ is undermined by some types of rewards (ex: money) but not others (ex: praise)

Aschematic

________: an attribute you dont contribute to yourself.

Schematic

________: an attribute you contribute you yourself.

Reminiscence bump

________: older adults tend to retrieve a large number of personal memories from their adolescence and early adult years (busy and formative years in ones life)

personal traits

People are more likely to see themselves as better than average when it comes to ________ that are important.

Social class

________ is another cultural factor that can influence the self- concept.

Collectivism

________: a person is first and foremost a loyal member of a group.

Contraction

________: slump over with shoulders drooping and head bowed.

Terror managament theory

________ (Jeff Greenberg, Sheldon Solomon, Thomas Pyszczynski): humans are biologically programmed for life and self- preservation, so they cope with the fear of their own death by constructing worldviews that help to preserve their self- esteem.

Double consciousness

________: people who identify with two cultures may have a(n) ________, in which they hold different self- schemas that fit within each culture.

Self enhancement biases

________: people think highly of themselves most of the time.

Procrastination

________: a purposive delay in starting or completing a task that is due at a particular time.

Dialecticism

________: an Eastern system of thought that accepts the coexistence of contradictory characteristics within a single person.

Body posture

________: your emotional state is revealed in the way you carry yourself.

Implicit egotism

________: an unconscious and subtle expression of self- esteem.

Expansion

________: stand erect w shoulders raised, chest expanded, and head held high.

positive emotional experience

The process of remembering can be a(n) ________.

relevant stimulus

Cocktail party effect: the tendency of people to pick a personally ________, like a name, out of a complex and noisy environment.

Synaptic connections

________ in the brain provide the biological base for memory, which makes possible the sense of continuity that is needed for a normal identity.

Self promotion

________: acts that are motivated by a desire to get ahead and gain respect for ones competence.

personal outcomes

People harbor illusions of control, overestimating the extent to which they can influence ________.

Autobiographical memories

________: recollections of the sequences of events that have touched your life.

Sociometer theory

________ (Mark Leary and Roy Baumeister): people are inherently social animals and the desire for self- esteem is driven by a primitive need to connect with others and gain their approval.

Passive

________: people consume info from other people without making direct contact.

nervous system

The self can be transformed or completely destroyed by damage to the brain and ________.

Self schemas

________: beliefs about oneself that guide the processing of relevant information.

Impact bias

________: people overestimate the strength and duration of their emotional reactions.

Private self

________- consciousness: the tendency to introspect about our inner thoughts and feelings.

Spotlight effect

________: a tendency to believe that the social spotlight shines more brightly on them than it really does.

Sociometer

________: a mechanism that enables us to detect acceptance and rejection and translate those perceptions into high and low self- esteem.

Self handicapping

________: actions people take to handicap their own performance in order to build an excuse for anticipated failure.

social comparisons

People are less influenced by ________ when objective information is available.

Self monitoring

________: the tendency to regulate ones own behavior to meet the demands of social situations.

Self perception theory

________ (Daryl Bem): people can learn about themselves the same way outside observers do- by watching their own behavior.

Facial movements

________ spark emotion by producing physiological changes in the brain.

Self esteem

________ is a state of mind that fluctuates up and down in response to success, failure, social relations, and other life experiences.

Flashbulb memories

________: enduring, detailed, high- resolution recollections.

Extrinsic motivation

________: people engage in an activity as a means to an end /for tangible benefit.

Recency rule

________: when people are prompted to recall their own experiences, they typically report more events from the recent past than from the distant past.

A

affect

B

behavior

C

cognition

cocktail party effect

the tendency of people to pick a personally relevant stimulus, like a name, out of a complex and noisy environment

self-concept

sum total of beliefs that people have about themselves

self-schemas

beliefs about oneself that guide the processing of relevant information

schematic

an attribute you contribute you yourself

aschematic

an attribute you dont contribute to yourself

double consciousness

people who identify with two cultures may have a double consciousness, in which they hold different self-schemas that fit within each culture

looking-glass self

other people serve as a mirror in which we see ourselves

introspection

a looking inward at ones own thoughts and feelings

affective forecasting

people have difficulty projecting forward and predicting how they would feel in response to future emotional events

impact bias

people overestimate the strength and duration of their emotional reactions

vicarious self-perception

you can infer something about yourself by observing the behavior of someone else with whom you completely identify

Self-Other Knowledge Asymmetry (SOKA)

we know ourselves better than others do when it comes to traits that are internal and hard to observe, but there is no self-other difference when it comes to traits that are external and easy to observe

facial feedback hypothesis

changes in facial expression can trigger corresponding changes in the subjective experience of emotion

body posture

your emotional state is revealed in the way you carry yourself

expansion

stand erect w shoulders raised, chest expanded, and head held high

contraction

slump over with shoulders drooping and head bowed

overjustification effect

reward for an enjoyable activity can undermine interest in that activity

intrinsic motivation

people engage in an activity for the sake of their own interest, the challenge, or sheer enjoyment

extrinsic motivation

people engage in an activity as a means to an end / for tangible benefit

social comparison theory

when people are uncertain of their abilities or opinions they evaluate themselves through comparisons with similar others

active

ppl post info about themselves and communicate with others

passive

people consume info from other people without making direct contact

two-factor theory of emotion

a person experiences the symptoms of physiological arousal and makes a cognitive interpretation that explains the source of the arousal

autobiographical memories

recollections of the sequences of events that have touched your life

recency rule

when people are prompted to recall their own experiences, they typically report more events from the recent past than from the distant past

reminiscence bump

older adults tend to retrieve a large number of personal memories from their adolescence and early adult years (busy and formative years in ones life)

flashbulb memories

enduring, detailed, high-resolution recollections

nostalgia

a sentimental longing for the past

individualism

ones personal goals take priority over group allegiances

collectivism

a person is first and foremost a loyal member of a group

independent view of self

the self is an entity that is distinct, autonomous, self-contained, and endowed with unique dispositions

interdependent view of self

the self is part of a larger network that includes ones family, coworkers, and others with whom one is socially connected

dialecticism

an Eastern system of thought that accepts the coexistence of contradictory characteristics within a single person

self-esteem

our positive and negative evaluations of ourselves

sociometer theory (Mark Leary and Roy Baumeister)

people are inherently social animals and the desire for self-esteem is driven by a primitive need to connect with others and gain their approval

sociometer

a mechanism that enables us to detect acceptance and rejection and translate those perceptions into high and low self-esteem

terror managament theory (Jeff Greenberg, Sheldon Solomon, Thomas Pyszczynski)

humans are biologically programmed for life and self-preservation, so they cope with the fear of their own death by constructing worldviews that help to preserve their self-esteem

self-discrepancy theory

our self-esteem is defined by the match or mismatch between how we see ourselves and how we want to see ourselves

self-guides

personal standards

self-awareness theory

most people are not usually self-focused, but certain situations predictably force us to turn inward and become the objects of our own attention

shape up

behaving in ways that help reduce our self-discrepancies

ship out

withdrawing from self-awareness

private self-consciousness

the tendency to introspect about our inner thoughts and feelings

public self-consciousness

the tendency to focus on our outer public image

self-regulation

the processes by which we seek to control or alter our thoughts, feelings, behaviors, and urges in order to live an acceptable social life

choking

paradoxical type of failure caused by trying too hard and thinking too much

ironic processes

at times, the harder you try to inhibit a thought, feeling, or behavior, the less likely you are to succeed