Studied by 3 people
Psychological factors
________ can counteract self- regulation fatigue.
Introspection
________: a looking inward at ones own thoughts and feelings.
Ingratiation
________: acts that are motivated by the desire to get along with others and be liked.
East asians
________ are quick to associate the self with positive traits, but are more likely to associate the self with contradictory negative traits as well.
Overjustification
________ effect: reward for an enjoyable activity can undermine interest in that activity.
Strategic self presentation
________: our efforts to shape others impressions in specific ways in order to gain influence, power, sympathy, or approval.
Ironic processes
________: at times, the harder you try to inhibit a thought, feeling, or behavior, the less likely you are to succeed.
Humans
________ are biologically equipped for survival purposes to "print "dramatic events in memory.
Individualism
________ and collectivism are so deeply ingrained in a culture that they mold our very self- conceptions and identities.
Positive illusions
________ can give rise to chronic patterns of self- defeating behavior.
Self presentation
________: the process by which we try to shape what other people think of us and what we think of ourselves.
Intrinsic motivation
________ is undermined by some types of rewards (ex: money) but not others (ex: praise)
Aschematic
________: an attribute you dont contribute to yourself.
Schematic
________: an attribute you contribute you yourself.
Reminiscence bump
________: older adults tend to retrieve a large number of personal memories from their adolescence and early adult years (busy and formative years in ones life)
personal traits
People are more likely to see themselves as better than average when it comes to ________ that are important.
Social class
________ is another cultural factor that can influence the self- concept.
Collectivism
________: a person is first and foremost a loyal member of a group.
Contraction
________: slump over with shoulders drooping and head bowed.
Terror managament theory
________ (Jeff Greenberg, Sheldon Solomon, Thomas Pyszczynski): humans are biologically programmed for life and self- preservation, so they cope with the fear of their own death by constructing worldviews that help to preserve their self- esteem.
Double consciousness
________: people who identify with two cultures may have a(n) ________, in which they hold different self- schemas that fit within each culture.
Self enhancement biases
________: people think highly of themselves most of the time.
Procrastination
________: a purposive delay in starting or completing a task that is due at a particular time.
Dialecticism
________: an Eastern system of thought that accepts the coexistence of contradictory characteristics within a single person.
Body posture
________: your emotional state is revealed in the way you carry yourself.
Implicit egotism
________: an unconscious and subtle expression of self- esteem.
Expansion
________: stand erect w shoulders raised, chest expanded, and head held high.
positive emotional experience
The process of remembering can be a(n) ________.
relevant stimulus
Cocktail party effect: the tendency of people to pick a personally ________, like a name, out of a complex and noisy environment.
Synaptic connections
________ in the brain provide the biological base for memory, which makes possible the sense of continuity that is needed for a normal identity.
Self promotion
________: acts that are motivated by a desire to get ahead and gain respect for ones competence.
personal outcomes
People harbor illusions of control, overestimating the extent to which they can influence ________.
Autobiographical memories
________: recollections of the sequences of events that have touched your life.
Sociometer theory
________ (Mark Leary and Roy Baumeister): people are inherently social animals and the desire for self- esteem is driven by a primitive need to connect with others and gain their approval.
Passive
________: people consume info from other people without making direct contact.
nervous system
The self can be transformed or completely destroyed by damage to the brain and ________.
Self schemas
________: beliefs about oneself that guide the processing of relevant information.
Impact bias
________: people overestimate the strength and duration of their emotional reactions.
Private self
________- consciousness: the tendency to introspect about our inner thoughts and feelings.
Spotlight effect
________: a tendency to believe that the social spotlight shines more brightly on them than it really does.
Sociometer
________: a mechanism that enables us to detect acceptance and rejection and translate those perceptions into high and low self- esteem.
Self handicapping
________: actions people take to handicap their own performance in order to build an excuse for anticipated failure.
social comparisons
People are less influenced by ________ when objective information is available.
Self monitoring
________: the tendency to regulate ones own behavior to meet the demands of social situations.
Self perception theory
________ (Daryl Bem): people can learn about themselves the same way outside observers do- by watching their own behavior.
Facial movements
________ spark emotion by producing physiological changes in the brain.
Self esteem
________ is a state of mind that fluctuates up and down in response to success, failure, social relations, and other life experiences.
Flashbulb memories
________: enduring, detailed, high- resolution recollections.
Extrinsic motivation
________: people engage in an activity as a means to an end /for tangible benefit.
Recency rule
________: when people are prompted to recall their own experiences, they typically report more events from the recent past than from the distant past.
A
affect
B
behavior
C
cognition
cocktail party effect
the tendency of people to pick a personally relevant stimulus, like a name, out of a complex and noisy environment
self-concept
sum total of beliefs that people have about themselves
self-schemas
beliefs about oneself that guide the processing of relevant information
schematic
an attribute you contribute you yourself
aschematic
an attribute you dont contribute to yourself
double consciousness
people who identify with two cultures may have a double consciousness, in which they hold different self-schemas that fit within each culture
looking-glass self
other people serve as a mirror in which we see ourselves
introspection
a looking inward at ones own thoughts and feelings
affective forecasting
people have difficulty projecting forward and predicting how they would feel in response to future emotional events
impact bias
people overestimate the strength and duration of their emotional reactions
vicarious self-perception
you can infer something about yourself by observing the behavior of someone else with whom you completely identify
Self-Other Knowledge Asymmetry (SOKA)
we know ourselves better than others do when it comes to traits that are internal and hard to observe, but there is no self-other difference when it comes to traits that are external and easy to observe
facial feedback hypothesis
changes in facial expression can trigger corresponding changes in the subjective experience of emotion
body posture
your emotional state is revealed in the way you carry yourself
expansion
stand erect w shoulders raised, chest expanded, and head held high
contraction
slump over with shoulders drooping and head bowed
overjustification effect
reward for an enjoyable activity can undermine interest in that activity
intrinsic motivation
people engage in an activity for the sake of their own interest, the challenge, or sheer enjoyment
extrinsic motivation
people engage in an activity as a means to an end / for tangible benefit
social comparison theory
when people are uncertain of their abilities or opinions they evaluate themselves through comparisons with similar others
active
ppl post info about themselves and communicate with others
passive
people consume info from other people without making direct contact
two-factor theory of emotion
a person experiences the symptoms of physiological arousal and makes a cognitive interpretation that explains the source of the arousal
autobiographical memories
recollections of the sequences of events that have touched your life
recency rule
when people are prompted to recall their own experiences, they typically report more events from the recent past than from the distant past
reminiscence bump
older adults tend to retrieve a large number of personal memories from their adolescence and early adult years (busy and formative years in ones life)
flashbulb memories
enduring, detailed, high-resolution recollections
nostalgia
a sentimental longing for the past
individualism
ones personal goals take priority over group allegiances
collectivism
a person is first and foremost a loyal member of a group
independent view of self
the self is an entity that is distinct, autonomous, self-contained, and endowed with unique dispositions
interdependent view of self
the self is part of a larger network that includes ones family, coworkers, and others with whom one is socially connected
dialecticism
an Eastern system of thought that accepts the coexistence of contradictory characteristics within a single person
self-esteem
our positive and negative evaluations of ourselves
sociometer theory (Mark Leary and Roy Baumeister)
people are inherently social animals and the desire for self-esteem is driven by a primitive need to connect with others and gain their approval
sociometer
a mechanism that enables us to detect acceptance and rejection and translate those perceptions into high and low self-esteem
terror managament theory (Jeff Greenberg, Sheldon Solomon, Thomas Pyszczynski)
humans are biologically programmed for life and self-preservation, so they cope with the fear of their own death by constructing worldviews that help to preserve their self-esteem
self-discrepancy theory
our self-esteem is defined by the match or mismatch between how we see ourselves and how we want to see ourselves
self-guides
personal standards
self-awareness theory
most people are not usually self-focused, but certain situations predictably force us to turn inward and become the objects of our own attention
shape up
behaving in ways that help reduce our self-discrepancies
ship out
withdrawing from self-awareness
private self-consciousness
the tendency to introspect about our inner thoughts and feelings
public self-consciousness
the tendency to focus on our outer public image
self-regulation
the processes by which we seek to control or alter our thoughts, feelings, behaviors, and urges in order to live an acceptable social life
choking
paradoxical type of failure caused by trying too hard and thinking too much
ironic processes
at times, the harder you try to inhibit a thought, feeling, or behavior, the less likely you are to succeed
Note 
Flashcard (116)