Experiments Test 2 Copy

Mitchell's experiment

Question: Does the proton gradient directly power ATP synthesis, or is electron transport reqiured?
Alternative Hypothesis: Proton gradient powers ATP synthesis.
Null: Proton gradient doesn't power ATP synthesis.
Independent variable: pH
Dependent variable: level of ATP production
Control:mitochondria isolated from cells and placed them in a medium at pH. 9 Mitochondria are quickly moved to a pH 9.
Experimental treatment:mitochondria isolated from cells and placed them in a medium at pH. 9 Mitochondria are quickly moved to a pH 7 (shows gradient)
Prediction: If we use mitochondria isolated from cells and placed them in a medium at pH 9 and mitochondria are quickly moved to a pH 7, then a proton gradient will be established and atp will be produced. If we place them in a medium of Ph9 and move them to a ph of 9 , then there will be no proton gradient and no ATP will be produced.
Objective: showed that ATP can be made with just a gradient, electron transport is not required

Vesicle experiment

Question: Is the protein ATP synthase needed for ATP synthesis
Alternative Hypothesis: ATP syntahse is needed for ATP synthesis.
Null: ATP synthase is not needed for ATP production, the proton gradient is enough.
Independent variable: ATP synthase from mammal being added
Dependent variable: amount of atp produced
Control: no atp synthase added
Experimental treatment: proton pump is extracted from bacterium and added to an artificial lipid vesicle. H+ is pumped into the vesicle, creating a gradient but no ATP is made. ATP synthase from mammal is inserted into the vesicle membrane and then when H+ diffuses out ATP is synthesized
Prediction: If a proton gradient is created in an artifical vesickle with the use of bacterial proton pump, and a mammal ATP synthase is inserted into the vesicle, then ATP will be syntheized in the presence of the substrates ADP and Pi. if everything else stays the same but no ATP synathase from mammal is inserted into vesicle, then no ATP will be produced.
Objective: Proton gradient is not enough you need ATP synthase to generate ATP.

Engleman's Experiment

Question:What wavelength of light are most effective for photosynthesis in green algae?
Alternative Hypothesis:Red and blue light are most effective for photosynthesis.
Null: red and blue light are not most effective for photosynthesis.
Independent variable: passing light through prism
Dependent variable: number of aerobic bacteria
Control: light is not being passed through prism
Experimental treatment: white light getting passed through prism
Prediction: If we expose the alga bacteria to light that has been passed through a prism and add aerobically respiring bacteria, then the bacteria will accumulate more in red and blue colors. If we expose the alga to white light without passing light through the prism then bacteria will accumulate evenly.
Objective:

chemiosmotic experiment

Question: what powers ATP synthesis?
Alternative Hypothesis: The proton gradient powers ATP synthesis
Null:The proton gradient doesn't power ATP synthesis
Independent variable: changes in PH
Dependent variable: level of ATP synthesis
Control: move to Ph 4 to Ph4 (no gradient)
Experimental treatment: move to pH 4 to pH 8 (with gradient)
Prediction: If we isolate thylakoid membrane and incubate them in pH 4 and put them in a solution pf pH 8 in the dark, add ADP + Pi, then ATP will be synthesized.
Objective: showed that proton gradient led to photosynthesis, can power ATP synthesis

Gary Borisy's lab experiment (pig)

Question: Which end does the spindle microtubules depolymerize during anaphase of mitosis?
Alternative Hypothesis: the spindle microtubules depolymerize at the kinetochore end during anaphase
Null: The spindle microtubules do not depolymerize at the kinetochore end.
Independent variable: presence of laser mark
Dependent variable: length of microtuble
Control: the side that doesn't have the marker
Experimental treatment:
Prediction: If we florecently label microtubules use a laser to make a mark of one side of microtubules and observed length of microtubules, then the segment that is glowing yellow between mark and kinetochore will get shorter.
Objective: there is a motor protein at kinetochore that is depolymerizing the microtubule

Articles Experiment

Question: Can immune function be restored in an adult animal/
Alternative Hypothesis: Immune function will be restored if fecal matter is injected from guts of standard mice to guts of germ free mice.
Null: Immune function will not change if fecal matter is injected from guts of standard mice to guts of germ free mice.
Independent variable: presence of microbes,
Dependent variable: t cell count
Control:----------
Experimental treatment: fecal transplant from standard to germ free mice
Prediction: If we -----
Objective:

Mazmanian and Patterson Experiement

Question: How does exposure to pathogens affects guts of infected offsring? (happened to mice with leaky gut syndrom)
Alternative Hypothesis: Pregnant mice that are exposed to influenza during the 2nd trimester offspring will have autistic like behaviors
Null: Pregnant mice that are exposed to influenza during the 2nd trimester offspring will not have autistic like behaviors
Independent variable: exposure to pathogen (influenza)
Dependent: autism like symptoms
Control:pregnant mice w/o influenza
Experimental treatment: pregnant mice with influenza
Prediction: If we expose pregnant mice to influenza and pregnant mice with no exposure to influenza, then we expect to see more autistic like symptoms in the offspring of pregnant mice that have been exposed to influenza compared to the offspring of mice that have not been to influenza.
Objective:

Knockout mice Experiment (covid chapter 6)

indepent- presence of tmprssz enzyme
dependent- covid symptoms

CAMO stat experiment (covid chapter. 6)

independent- presence of camostat mesophate enzyme
dependent- infection rate