Electronegativity and bond polarity

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15 Terms

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What is electronegativity?

The ability of an atom to attract the bonding electrons in a covalent bond

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How is electronegativity measured?

Pauling scale

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What are the most electronegative elements?

Fluorine, oxygen, chlorine

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What are the least electronegative elements?

Group one

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What factors affect electronegativity?

Nuclear charge: more protons means stronger attraction between nucleus and bonding pairs of electrons

Atomic radius: closer to nucleus means stronger attraction between nucleus and bonding pair of electrons

Shielding: less electrons between nucleus and neutrons means stronger attraction between nucleus and bonding pair of electrons

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What is the trend down a group?

Electronegativity decreases. Atomic radius increases so there is more shielding which means less attraction between nucleus and bonding pair of electrons.

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What is the trend across a period?

Electronegativity increases because there is a larger nuclear charge and the atomic radius decreases which means as a stronger attraction between the nucleus and bonding pair of electrons

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What happens if the electronegativity difference is large?

Have a much greater attraction for the shared pair so it will gain control of the bond will become ionic

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What happens to the bonded electron pair in a non-polar bond?

It’s shared equally between the bonded atoms

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When will a bond be non-polar?

When the bonded atoms are the same, or the bonded atoms have a similar electronegativity

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What happens to the bonded electron pair in a polar bond?

The bonded electron pairs shared unequally between the bonded atoms

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When will a bond be polar? What does it result in?

Bonded atoms are different and have different electronegativity values, which results in a polar covalent bond

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What is a dipole?

a separation in electrical charge, so that one atom of a polar covalent bond, or one end of a polar molecule had a small positive charge, and the other had a small negative charge

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What is a permanent dipole?

a dipole in a polar covalent bonds that does not change

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A polar molecule requires what?

A polar bond, dipoles that do not cancel out due to the direction, for example, H2O, and not CO2