Studied by 1 person
Suppression
________: A conscious effort to put something out of mind or to keep it from awareness.
Keyword method
________: As an aid to memory, using familiar words or images to link two items.
Recognition
________: Ability to correctly identify previously learned information.
Positive correlation
________ between intensity of emotion and ability to remember.
Information
________ related to retrieval cues can make its way back into working memory.
explicit cues
In recall, memories are retrieved without ________, as in an essay exam.
Mnemonic device
________: A strategy for enhancing memory.
Law of disuse
________ (in memory): Proposition that memory traces weaken when memories are not periodically used or retrieved.
Decay theory
________: Proposition that the strength of memories weakens over time, making them harder to retrieve.
Source confusion
________ (in memory): Occurs when the origins of a memory are misremembered.
visual depictions
Mental images: Mental pictures or ________ used in memory and thinking.
addition
In ________, stored information helps us to understand (and therefore remember) incoming information.
Hypnosis
________- 80 % of new memories produced through ________ are incorrect.
Serial position effect
________: When remembering an ordered list, the tendency to make the most errors with middle items.
Retrieval of information
________ is faster when stored in long- term memory.
Redintegration
________: Process by which memories are reconstructed by expanded by starting with one memory and then following chains of association to other, related memories.
Memory
________ can be improved through chunking, elaborative rehearsal (or elaborative encoding), spaced practice, using mental images, whole (versus part) learning, considering the serial position effect, overlearning, and the use of mnemonics.
LTM
Storing information in ________ is helpful because its more time- efficient to retrieve information from ________ than it is to look information up.
Acrostics
________: The first letter of the word are used to create a sentence.
Hippocampus
________: Part of the limbic system associated with storing memories.
Consolidation
________: Process by which relatively permanent memories are formed in the brain.
Recodes
________ or reorganizes information into units that are already in long- term memory.
Cognitive interview
________: Use of various cues and strategies to improve the memory of eyewitnesses.
STM
Initially, ________ was believed to have a capacity of about seven bits of information (plus or minus two), but more recent researchers have suggested the number may be as low as four.
Multimedia principle
________: The idea that people process words and metal images together better than they do words alone.
Recall
________: Retrieval of information with a minimum of external cues.
Atkinson Shiffrin
The ________ model of memory includes three types of memory (sensory memory, short- term or working memory, and long- term memory) that hold information for increasingly longer periods.
Echoic memory
________: A brief continuation of sensory activity in the auditory system after a sound is heard.
Amnesia
________: Inability to retrieve memories of events due to an injury or trauma.
Anterograde amnesia
________: Inability to form or retrieve memories of events that occur after an injury or trauma.
False
________ and inaccurate memories emerge as a result of the fact that memories are actively reconstructed each time they are retrieved from LTM.
Network model
________ (of memory): A model of memory that views it as an organized system of linked information.
network of information
It is organized as a(n) ________ that is organized based on meaning.
Retrieval cue
________: Any information that can prompt or trigger the retrieval of particular memories.
Interference
________: The tendency for new memories to impair retrieval of older memories, and the reverse.
Maintenance rehearsal
________: Repeating information over and over to keep it active in short- term memory.
physical states
Improved memory occurs when the ________ match.
Flashbulb memory
________: Especially vivid and detailed recollection of an emotional event.
Retrograde amnesia
________: Inability to retrieve memories of events that occurred before an injury or trauma.
Iconic Memory
________: A mental image or visual representation.
Levels of processing
________: Deep processing is more likely to be encoded than that which is superficial information.
Passive forgetting
________ is characterized as the decay that occurs when memories are not retrieved often.
Explicit memories
________ are those that are associated with our personal lives as well as factual knowledge that we have learned.
Retrieval failure
________: Failure to access (locate) memories even though they are available (stored in memory)
Recognition
Methods of Measuring Memory: Recall, ________, and Relearning.
Serial Position Effect
________: Give extra practice to the middle information.
LTM
For transferring information to ________, rote rehearsal is less effective than elaborative rehearsal.
Memory
________: Series of active systems that receive, store, organize, alter, and recover information.
Information
________ can be held in STM for about a dozen seconds, though longer timeframes are possible when maintenance rehearsal is used.
multimedia principle
The ________ states that people learn more from words and graphics together than they do from words alone.
Memory
Series of active systems that receive, store, organize, alter, and recover information
Encoding (in memory)
Converting information into a form to be retained in memory
Storage (in memory)
Holding information into a form to be retained in memory
Retrieval (in memory)
Recovery of stored information
Sensory memory
Fleeting storage system for sensory impressions
Iconic Memory
A mental image or visual representation
Echoic memory
A brief continuation of sensory activity in the auditory system after a sound is heard
Short-term memory (STM)
Storage system used to hold small amounts of information in conscious awareness for about a dozen seconds
Working memory
Another name for short-term memory, especially as it is used for thinking and problem-solving
Information bits
Meaningful units of information, such as numbers, letters, words, or phases
Chunking
Process of grouping similar or meaningful information together
Maintenance rehearsal
Repeating information over and over to keep it active in short-term memory
Rote rehearsal (rote learning)
Learning by simple repetition
Elaborative rehearsal (elaborative encoding)
Making memories more meaningful through processing that encodes links between new information and existing memories and knowledge, either at the time of the original encoding or on subsequent retrievals
Long-term memory (LTM)
Unlimited capacity storage system that can hold information over lengthy periods of time
Network model (of memory)
A model of memory that views it as an organized system of linked information
Retrieval cue
Any information that can prompt or trigger the retrieval of particular memories
Redintegration
Process by which memories are reconstructed by expanded by starting with one memory and then following chains of association to other, related memories
Implicit Memory
A recollection that a person does not know exists and is retrieved unconsciously
Priming
Facilitating the retrieval of an implicit memory by using cues to activate hidden memories
Explicit memory
A recollection that a person is aware of having or is consciously retrieved
Semantic memory
A subpart of declarative memory that records impersonal knowledge about the world
Episodic memory
A subpart of declarative memory that records personal experiences that are linked with specific times and places
Consolidation
Process by which relatively permanent memories are formed in the brain
Hippocampus
Part of the limbic system associated with storing memories
Flashbulb memory
Especially vivid and detailed recollection of an emotional event
levels of processing
Deep processing is more likely to be encoded than that which is superficial information
Encoding failure
Failure to store sufficient information to form a useful memory
Intention to Remember
Intention does not correlate with encoding material
Repeated exposure to information
Does not produce encoding
Tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) state
The feeling that a memory is available but not quite retrievable
Methods of Measuring Memory
Recall, Recognition, and Relearning
Recall
Retrieval of information with a minimum of external cues
Serial position effect
When remembering an ordered list, the tendency to make the most errors with middle items
Recognition
Ability to correctly identify previously learned information
Relearning
Learning again something that was previously learned
Retrieval failure
Failure to access (locate) memories even though they are available (stored in memory)
Amnesia
Inability to retrieve memories of events due to an injury or trauma
Retrograde amnesia
Inability to retrieve memories of events that occurred before an injury or trauma
Anterograde amnesia
Inability to form or retrieve memories of events that occur after an injury or trauma
State-dependent learning
Memory influenced by ones physical state at the time of learning and at the time of retrieval
Interference
The tendency for new memories to impair retrieval of older memories, and the reverse
Retroactive interference
The tendency for new memories to interfere with the retrieval of old memories
Proactive interference
The tendency for old memories to interfere with the retrieval of newer memories
Repression
Keeping distressing thoughts and feelings buried in the unconscious
Suppression
A conscious effort to put something out of mind or to keep it from awareness
Decay theory
Proposition that the strength of memories weakens over time, making them harder to retrieve
Memory traces
Physical changes in neurons or brain activity that take place when memories are stored
Law of disuse (in memory)
Proposition that memory traces weaken when memories are not periodically used or retrieved
False memory
A memory that can seem accurate but is not
Note 
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