7: Memory

Suppression

________: A conscious effort to put something out of mind or to keep it from awareness.

Keyword method

________: As an aid to memory, using familiar words or images to link two items.

Recognition

________: Ability to correctly identify previously learned information.

Positive correlation

________ between intensity of emotion and ability to remember.

Information

________ related to retrieval cues can make its way back into working memory.

explicit cues

In recall, memories are retrieved without ________, as in an essay exam.

Mnemonic device

________: A strategy for enhancing memory.

Law of disuse

________ (in memory): Proposition that memory traces weaken when memories are not periodically used or retrieved.

Decay theory

________: Proposition that the strength of memories weakens over time, making them harder to retrieve.

Source confusion

________ (in memory): Occurs when the origins of a memory are misremembered.

visual depictions

Mental images: Mental pictures or ________ used in memory and thinking.

addition

In ________, stored information helps us to understand (and therefore remember) incoming information.

Hypnosis

________- 80 % of new memories produced through ________ are incorrect.

Serial position effect

________: When remembering an ordered list, the tendency to make the most errors with middle items.

Retrieval of information

________ is faster when stored in long- term memory.

Redintegration

________: Process by which memories are reconstructed by expanded by starting with one memory and then following chains of association to other, related memories.

Memory

________ can be improved through chunking, elaborative rehearsal (or elaborative encoding), spaced practice, using mental images, whole (versus part) learning, considering the serial position effect, overlearning, and the use of mnemonics.

LTM

Storing information in ________ is helpful because its more time- efficient to retrieve information from ________ than it is to look information up.

Acrostics

________: The first letter of the word are used to create a sentence.

Hippocampus

________: Part of the limbic system associated with storing memories.

Consolidation

________: Process by which relatively permanent memories are formed in the brain.

Recodes

________ or reorganizes information into units that are already in long- term memory.

Cognitive interview

________: Use of various cues and strategies to improve the memory of eyewitnesses.

STM

Initially, ________ was believed to have a capacity of about seven bits of information (plus or minus two), but more recent researchers have suggested the number may be as low as four.

Multimedia principle

________: The idea that people process words and metal images together better than they do words alone.

Recall

________: Retrieval of information with a minimum of external cues.

Atkinson Shiffrin

The ________ model of memory includes three types of memory (sensory memory, short- term or working memory, and long- term memory) that hold information for increasingly longer periods.

Echoic memory

________: A brief continuation of sensory activity in the auditory system after a sound is heard.

Amnesia

________: Inability to retrieve memories of events due to an injury or trauma.

Anterograde amnesia

________: Inability to form or retrieve memories of events that occur after an injury or trauma.

False

________ and inaccurate memories emerge as a result of the fact that memories are actively reconstructed each time they are retrieved from LTM.

Network model

________ (of memory): A model of memory that views it as an organized system of linked information.

network of information

It is organized as a(n) ________ that is organized based on meaning.

Retrieval cue

________: Any information that can prompt or trigger the retrieval of particular memories.

Interference

________: The tendency for new memories to impair retrieval of older memories, and the reverse.

Maintenance rehearsal

________: Repeating information over and over to keep it active in short- term memory.

physical states

Improved memory occurs when the ________ match.

Flashbulb memory

________: Especially vivid and detailed recollection of an emotional event.

Retrograde amnesia

________: Inability to retrieve memories of events that occurred before an injury or trauma.

Iconic Memory

________: A mental image or visual representation.

Levels of processing

________: Deep processing is more likely to be encoded than that which is superficial information.

Passive forgetting

________ is characterized as the decay that occurs when memories are not retrieved often.

Explicit memories

________ are those that are associated with our personal lives as well as factual knowledge that we have learned.

Retrieval failure

________: Failure to access (locate) memories even though they are available (stored in memory)

Recognition

Methods of Measuring Memory: Recall, ________, and Relearning.

Serial Position Effect

________: Give extra practice to the middle information.

LTM

For transferring information to ________, rote rehearsal is less effective than elaborative rehearsal.

Memory

________: Series of active systems that receive, store, organize, alter, and recover information.

Information

________ can be held in STM for about a dozen seconds, though longer timeframes are possible when maintenance rehearsal is used.

multimedia principle

The ________ states that people learn more from words and graphics together than they do from words alone.

Memory

Series of active systems that receive, store, organize, alter, and recover information

Encoding (in memory)

Converting information into a form to be retained in memory

Storage (in memory)

Holding information into a form to be retained in memory

Retrieval (in memory)

Recovery of stored information

Sensory memory

Fleeting storage system for sensory impressions

Iconic Memory

A mental image or visual representation

Echoic memory

A brief continuation of sensory activity in the auditory system after a sound is heard

Short-term memory (STM)

Storage system used to hold small amounts of information in conscious awareness for about a dozen seconds

Working memory

Another name for short-term memory, especially as it is used for thinking and problem-solving

Information bits

Meaningful units of information, such as numbers, letters, words, or phases

Chunking

Process of grouping similar or meaningful information together

Maintenance rehearsal

Repeating information over and over to keep it active in short-term memory

Rote rehearsal (rote learning)

Learning by simple repetition

Elaborative rehearsal (elaborative encoding)

Making memories more meaningful through processing that encodes links between new information and existing memories and knowledge, either at the time of the original encoding or on subsequent retrievals

Long-term memory (LTM)

Unlimited capacity storage system that can hold information over lengthy periods of time

Network model (of memory)

A model of memory that views it as an organized system of linked information

Retrieval cue

Any information that can prompt or trigger the retrieval of particular memories

Redintegration

Process by which memories are reconstructed by expanded by starting with one memory and then following chains of association to other, related memories

Implicit Memory

A recollection that a person does not know exists and is retrieved unconsciously

Priming

Facilitating the retrieval of an implicit memory by using cues to activate hidden memories

Explicit memory

A recollection that a person is aware of having or is consciously retrieved

Semantic memory

A subpart of declarative memory that records impersonal knowledge about the world

Episodic memory

A subpart of declarative memory that records personal experiences that are linked with specific times and places

Consolidation

Process by which relatively permanent memories are formed in the brain

Hippocampus

Part of the limbic system associated with storing memories

Flashbulb memory

Especially vivid and detailed recollection of an emotional event

levels of processing

Deep processing is more likely to be encoded than that which is superficial information

Encoding failure

Failure to store sufficient information to form a useful memory

Intention to Remember

Intention does not correlate with encoding material

Repeated exposure to information

Does not produce encoding

Tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) state

The feeling that a memory is available but not quite retrievable

Methods of Measuring Memory

Recall, Recognition, and Relearning

Recall

Retrieval of information with a minimum of external cues

Serial position effect

When remembering an ordered list, the tendency to make the most errors with middle items

Recognition

Ability to correctly identify previously learned information

Relearning

Learning again something that was previously learned

Retrieval failure

Failure to access (locate) memories even though they are available (stored in memory)

Amnesia

Inability to retrieve memories of events due to an injury or trauma

Retrograde amnesia

Inability to retrieve memories of events that occurred before an injury or trauma

Anterograde amnesia

Inability to form or retrieve memories of events that occur after an injury or trauma

State-dependent learning

Memory influenced by ones physical state at the time of learning and at the time of retrieval

Interference

The tendency for new memories to impair retrieval of older memories, and the reverse

Retroactive interference

The tendency for new memories to interfere with the retrieval of old memories

Proactive interference

The tendency for old memories to interfere with the retrieval of newer memories

Repression

Keeping distressing thoughts and feelings buried in the unconscious

Suppression

A conscious effort to put something out of mind or to keep it from awareness

Decay theory

Proposition that the strength of memories weakens over time, making them harder to retrieve

Memory traces

Physical changes in neurons or brain activity that take place when memories are stored

Law of disuse (in memory)

Proposition that memory traces weaken when memories are not periodically used or retrieved

False memory

A memory that can seem accurate but is not