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Thomas Hobbes
An English philosopher who supported absolute monarchy and wrote Leviathan to support his theories.
John Locke
An English philosopher who believed in natural rights: life, liberty, and property, and that governments must protect these rights.
Philosophes
French philosophers who believed in applying reason to all aspects of life.
Salons
Upper-class gatherings in France for discussing Enlightenment ideas.
Voltaire
A writer known for his satirical works, particularly Candide, who defended freedom of speech.
Baron de Montesquieu
A philosopher known for the idea of separation of powers in government.
Mary Wollstonecraft
An advocate for women's rights and equal education, author of A Vindication of the Rights of Woman.
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
A philosopher who believed civilization corrupts natural goodness and wrote The Social Contract.
Mercantilism
An economic theory where nations increase wealth through trade, often leading to exploitative practices.
Cash Crops
Crops produced for commercial value rather than for use by the grower.
Haitian Revolution
The first successful slave rebellion leading to Haiti's independence from France.
Miguel Hidalgo
A Creole priest who initiated Mexico's independence movement with El Grito de Dólares.
Simon Bolivar
A key military commander who liberated several South American countries from Spanish rule.
Dom Pedro
The prince who ruled Brazil and declared its independence in a bloodless revolution.
Napoleon Bonaparte
French military leader who rose to power during the French Revolution and became Emperor.
Continental System
Napoleon's failed attempt to block British trade through a naval blockade.
Luddite
Workers who protested against mechanization in the workforce.
Zionism
Movement for the re-establishment of a Jewish homeland, rising particularly after anti-Semitic events like the Dreyfus Affair.
The Communist Manifesto
A political pamphlet by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels that advocates for the working class to unite against oppression.
Capitalism
An economic system where the means of production are privately owned and operated for profit.
Socialism
The belief that the means of production should be owned collectively and wealth distributed equally.
Communism
The final stage of socialism where class distinctions disappear and the government eventually withers away.
The Enlightenment
An intellectual movement in the 1600 and 1700s that emphasized reason, individualism, and skepticism of authority.
Thomas Hobbes
An English philosopher who supported absolute monarchy and the divine right to rule; author of Leviathan.
John Locke
An English philosopher who believed in natural rights (life, liberty, and property) and the social contract theory.
Philosophes
French term for philosophers who believed in applying reason to all aspects of life.
Salons
Upper-class gatherings for discussing enlightened ideas, often censoring literature at the time.
Voltaire
A philosopher known for his wit and criticism of the clergy and government, most famously in his work 'Candide'.
Baron de Montesquieu
A philosopher known for advocating separation of powers in government.
Denis Diderot
Philosopher who compiled the Encyclopedia, a comprehensive collection of knowledge.
Mary Wollstonecraft
An advocate for women's rights, best known for her work 'A Vindication of the Rights of Woman'.
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
A Philosophe who believed civilization corrupts natural goodness; author of 'The Social Contract'.
Colonial Rule
System where colonies are controlled by a foreign power, often leading to social and economic inequalities.
Cash Crops
Crops produced for commercial value, which can lead to food shortages.
Rigid Class Structure
Social hierarchy that limits individuals' mobility within society.
Natural Rights
Fundamental rights entitled to all individuals, including life, liberty, and property.
American Revolution
The conflict from 1775 to 1783 where the thirteen American colonies gained independence from British rule.
French Revolution
A period of radical social and political upheaval in France from 1789 to 1799.
Haitian Revolution
The first successful slave rebellion that led to Haiti's independence in 1804.
Toussaint L'Ouverture
Leader of the Haitian Revolution who played a key role in the fight for independence from France.
Mexico's Independence
A struggle led by figures like Miguel Hidalgo and Jose Morelos that declared independence in 1821.
Simon Bolivar
Known as the 'Liberator', he led the independence movements in several South American countries.
Jose de San Martin
A leader in the South American independence movement who helped liberate Argentina.
Dom Pedro
The leader of Brazil during its bloodless revolution for independence in 1822.
Congress of Vienna
A conference held in 1814-1815 aimed at restoring order and stability in Europe after Napoleonic Wars.
Nationalism
A strong sense of pride and devotion to one's country, often leading to the desire for self-rule.
Liberalism
A political philosophy advocating for civil rights, democracy, and free market economy.
Socialism
An economic system where the means of production are owned collectively or by the state.
Communism
A political and economic ideology advocating for a classless system where all property is publicly owned.
Karl Marx
A philosopher and economic theorist known for his analysis of capitalism and his role in the development of socialist theory.
Adam Smith
The father of modern economics, known for his work 'The Wealth of Nations', advocating free-market principles.
Factory Acts
Laws passed in the 19th century to improve working conditions in factories.
Agricultural Revolution
A period of significant agricultural development that led to increased food production.
Urbanization
The process of population migration from rural areas to cities, often associated with the Industrial Revolution.
Enclosure Movement
The legal process in England where common lands were consolidated into private property.
Combination Acts
Laws of 1799 and 1800 that prohibited workers from organizing to form unions.
Strike
A work stoppage initiated by employees to demand better working conditions or pay.
Luddites
Workers who protested against industrial machinery that threatened their jobs in the early 19th century.
Poor Laws 1834
Laws in England that made poverty a crime and enforced strict measures against the poor.
The Dreyfus Affair
A political scandal in France that highlighted anti-Semitism and flawed judicial processes.
Zionism
A nationalist movement advocating for the establishment of a Jewish homeland in Palestine.
The Communist Manifesto
A political pamphlet by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels summarizing the principles of Communism.
The French Revolution's Declaration of the Rights of Man
A fundamental document that declared freedom and equal rights for all men, established during the French Revolution.
Thermidorian Reaction
The political backlash following the fall of Robespierre and the Committee of Public Safety.
Tennis Court Oath
A pledge made by members of the Third Estate during the French Revolution to not disband until a Constitution was established.
Robespierre
A radical leader during the French Revolution who played a key role in the Reign of Terror.
Guillotine
A machine used for beheading people, symbolizing the radical phase of the French Revolution.
Napoleon Bonaparte
French military leader who rose to prominence during the French Revolution and became Emperor of France.
Continental System
Napoleon's foreign policy aimed at weakening Britain through economic blockade.
Battle of Waterloo
The decisive battle in 1815 where Napoleon was defeated, marking the end of his rule.
Fourteenth of July
National Day in France commemorating the storming of the Bastille, a key event in the French Revolution.
Metternich
A key political figure at the Congress of Vienna who aimed to restore the old order in Europe.
Blood and Iron
A phrase used by Bismarck to describe his strategy for unifying Germany through war and military power.
Franco-Prussian War
A conflict between France and Prussia from 1870 to 1871 that facilitated German unification.
Universal Male Suffrage
The extension of voting rights to all male citizens, regardless of property ownership or social status.
Ems Dispatch
A message altered by Bismarck which incited the Franco-Prussian War by provoking France.
Kaiser
The title of German emperors, particularly during the unified German Empire.
April 1789
The period when widespread uprisings in France began due to food shortages and economic distress.
National Assembly
The revolutionary assembly formed by the representatives of the Third Estate in France.
Bastille Prison
A fortress in Paris whose storming marked the uprising of the French Revolution.
Great Fear
A wave of peasant panic that spread through France during the summer of 1789.
Terror Phase
Period during the French Revolution characterized by extreme political repression and mass executions.
Prussian Coalition
The alliance formed by several European countries against Napoleon.
Civil Code of 1804
French civil code established by Napoleon, ensuring legal equality and property rights.
Bloodless Revolution
A term used to describe Brazil's peaceful transition to independence in 1822.
Coup d'état
A sudden overthrow of a government, such as Napoleon's seizure of power in 1799.
Censorship
The suppression of speech and public communication; heavily practiced in Enlightenment-era Europe.
Declaration of Pillnitz
The promise by Austria and Prussia to restore the French monarchy, leading to the war against France.
Suffrage
The right to vote in political elections; a key principle of democratic societies.
Labor Unions
Organizations formed by workers to negotiate better working conditions and wages.
Revolutionary Ideas
Concepts during the Enlightenment that emphasized democracy, individual rights, and freedom.
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