APUSH 17-20

fire-eaters

impassioned southern nationalists

Lewis Cass

War of 1812 veteran, Democratic candidate in 1848; while Democrats remained silent on slavery, he was the father of popular sovereignty

popular sovereignty

doctrine that stated that the sovereign people of a territory, under the general principles of the Constitution, should themselves determine the status of slavery

Zachary Taylor

Whig nominee of 1848 who relied on virtue rather on policy

Free Soil Party

third party in the Election of 1848, formally against slavery

Martin Van Buren

Free Soil candidate in 1848

New York

state that swung the election to Taylor since too many people voted for the Free Soilers over the the Democrats

American River

where gold was found near Sutter’s Mill, CA in 1848

California gold rush

attracted tens of thousands of people to California, where many did not make incredible profits

South

politically and economically strongest region in the United States

Harriet Tubman

Most famous “Conductor” of the underground railroad

Nashville

Where southerners announced they would meet in 1850 to consider withdrawing from the Union

John Calhoun

His last formal speech, given in response to the Nashville convention, predicted that slavery would destroy the Union, called to leave slavery alone and restore the political balance, and proposed to elect two presidents: one from the North and one from the South

Seventh of March

Daniel Webster’s speech that argued that God made slavery nonexistent in the Mexican Territory through climate and geography, so compromise and concession were necessary

Young Guard

group of new leaders in Congress from the North who were more interested in purifying the United States and eliminating slavery than in compromise

William Seward

New York Senator who called for an even “higher law” than the Constitution when discussing slavery; one of the Young Guard

Millard Fillmore

Replaced Zachary Taylor as president in 1850 when Taylor died

Compromise of 1850

deal that accepted California into the Union as a free state, let New Mexico and Utah decide on slavery through popular sovereignty, gave Texas $10 million to pay off its debts, and set up the Fugitive Slave Law in the North

Fugitive Slave Law

prevented fleeing slaves from testifying on their own behalf without a jury and forced any Northerner to join the slave-catchers

Franklin Pierce

Democrat nominee in 1852, the second dark horse candidate in American history; he was eager to continue Polk’s territorial expansion and endorsed the Compromise of 1850

Winfield Scott

Whig nominee in 1852, an able general; supported the Compromise of 1850, but not enthusiastically

Whigs

party that disappeared after the Election of 1852 over the issue of slavery

Clayton-Bulwer Treaty

1850 agreement that avoided confrontation with Britain that said that neither the US nor Britain would try to fortify any future isthmian waterways

Cuba

America tried to buy this sugar rich country, owned by Spain, in order to expand south and possibly split it into several states to equal the balance of power in the Senate

Ostend Manifesto

secret plan to buy Cuba from Spain, and if Spain refused the $120 million, then the U.S. would be justified in taking it by force; this failed when the North found out

Opium War

series of conflicts between Britain and China that ended with Britain gaining free access to five ports and control of Hong Kong

Treaty of Wanghia

diplomatic agreement between China and Caleb Cushing that gave the U.S. “most favored nation” status; the first formal agreement between the two countries

Treaty of Kanagawa

diplomatic agreement between Japan and Matthew Perry, that provided for proper treatment of shipwrecked sailors, American coaling rights, and consular relations

Gadsden Purchase

$10 million land purchase with Mexico to help build a railroad connecting Texas to California

Stephen Douglas

wanted the railway to go through Chicago; organized the Kansas-Nebraska Act to make it happen

Kansas-Nebraska Act

conflicting with the Missouri Compromise, the Nebraska Territory would be split into Kansas and Nebraska, where slavery would be determined by popular sovereignty

Republican

party formed in response to the Kansas-Nebraska Act, as both the Missouri Compromise and Compromise of 1850 were thrown out the window

Uncle Tom’s Cabin

Harriet Beecher Stowe’s book that was a success at home and abroad; made many people aware of the horrors of slavery

New England Emigrant Aid Company

Anti-slavery organization that helped move northerners to Kansas in order to vote against slavery in the territory

Border Ruffians

slavery supports from Missouri that voted in the first territorial legislature elections in Kansas, resulting in two governments in Kansas

John Brown

abolitionist in Kansas that, with a band of followers, killed five men and started a civil war in Kansas

Lecompton Constitution

document in Kansas that regardless of whether people voted with slavery or against it, there would still be slavery in Kansas, and as a result the Kansas state constitution was approved with slavery in 1857

Charles Sumner

attacked by Preston S. Brooks of South Carolina with a cane on the Senate floor

James Buchanan

Democrat nominee in 1856, a minister to London during the Kansas drama and so not tainted by it

John Fremont

Republican candidate in 1856, the Pathfinder of the West

Millard Fillmore

Know-Nothing party’s 1856 candidate, whose antiforeign and anti-Catholic old Whig supports cut into Republican strength

Dred Scott

black slave that moved from Missouri to Illinois and sued for his freedom; the Supreme Court ruled that black people could not sue in federal courts and that slaves could be taken anywhere, regardless of local slavery rules

Roger Taney

Supreme Court justice who ruled on the Dred Scott case

Panic of 1857

caused by inpouring California gold inflation and overstimulated the growth of grain for the Crimean War while overspeculating land and railroads

North

Who was hardest hit by the Panic of 1857 because they did not export much abroad

160

As a result of the Panic of 1857, many people called for free farms of this many acres from the public domain

Tariff of 1857

passed just before the Panic of 1857, this reduced duties to about 20% to appease the South

Freeport

most famous Lincoln-Douglas debate took place here, where Lincoln asked if people already voted down slavery, did the Dred Scott decision apply? Who prevails, the Court or the people?

Freeport Doctrine

Douglass’ reply to Lincoln stating that regardless of what the Court ruled, slavery would stay down if people voted it down; this bit Douglas in the presidential election of 1860

Harper’s Ferry

located in Western Virginia where a federal arsenal was seized by Brown and several of his men and several people were killed; ended when Robert E. Lee captured Brown

Constitutional Union Party

middle-of-the-road third party in the Election of 1860, nominating John Bell for president; the “Do Nothings”

less

Did Abraham Lincoln win more or less than 50% of the vote?

Breckinridge

Ran for president in 1860 for the southern Democrats

South Carolina

four days after the election of Lincoln, this state called for a special convention and voted to leave the Union

John Crittenden

Kentucky Senator that tried for one last compromise on slavery after the Election of 1860

Crittenden amendments

Series of proposed amendments to the Constitution designed to appease the South after South Carolina seceded; they included federal protection for slavery in all southern states and future northern states would have to choose whether to allow slavery; flatly rejected by Lincoln

Jefferson Davis

President of the Confederacy

no

Did Buchanan send in the military to stop secession?

Declaration of Independence

From which document did southern states reference the principle of self-determination and nationalism to justify leaving the Union?

the South provoked it

In his first inaugural address, Lincoln made it clear that there would be no conflict unless?

payment of national debt, control over joint territories, fugitive slave laws

What were the three controversies between the North and South in 1860?

Fort Sumter

The first shots fired in the Civil War were at this fort in South Carolina after Lincoln decided to provision it (not reinforce it)

Richmond

Capital of the Confederate States of America

Border States

the important states of Missouri, Maryland, Delaware, and especially Kentucky that had slaves but did not leave the Union

Ohio River

important river that flows along the northern border of Kentucky and has two tributaries that flow into the South, making keeping Kentucky important for Lincoln

to preserve the Union

What was Lincoln’s initial reason for fighting the Civil War?

Confederacy

Which side did the Five Civilized Tribes fight for?

South

Which side had more talented officers when the Civil War broke out?

Cotton

Which crop, exported to Britain, did the South believe would lead to Britain assisting the South? Britain ultimately did not need it as the South produced a surplus and found it elsewhere

North

Which side had the better economy, better control of the sea, and better railroads once the Civil War broke out?

wheat and corn

What did the North export that was more important than cotton to hungry British workers?

Trent

British mail streamer which was stopped by a Union warship and found to hold two Confederate diplomats

Alabama

British-built commerce raider, manned by Britons, that flew the Confederate flag

Dominion of Canada

established by the British Parliament in 1867 to bolster Canadians politically and spiritually against the United States

Mexico City

During the Civil War, Emperor Napoleon III dispatched a French army to occupy this city in 1863 and set up his puppet, Austrian archduke Maximilian, as emperor of Mexico

yes

Did the Confederate government have to worry about states seceding from the Confederacy in the future?

Congress was not in session

Why was Lincoln able to increase his presidential powers not given in the Constitution when the Civil War began?

writ of habeus corpus

privilege that President Lincoln suspended, allowing Anti-Unionists to be arrested

$300

How much could northerners pay to get out of the Civil War draft?

20

How many slaves did a southerner need to oversee to be exempt from the draft?

New York

Fueled by antiblack and underprivileged Irish Americans, the worst anti-draft riots occurred here

Morrill Tariff Act

increased duties 5-10% after many antiprotection Southern members had seceded; used to raise money for the government and protect northern manufacturers

Greenbacks

paper money not backed by gold printed by the Washington Treasury, so its value was determined by the nation’s credit

runaway inflation

What made the South’s printed money useless?

National Banking System

authorized by Congress in 1863 to stimulate the sale of government bonds and establish a standard bank-note currency

millionaires

What class first appeared in the Civil War?

Elizabeth Blackwell

America’s first female physician, helped organize the U.S. Sanitary Commission to assist the Union armies on the field

decreased

Between the years 1860 and 1870, what happened to the South’s percentage of national wealth?

90

How many days did Lincoln envision his initial 75,000 militiamen would serve?

Bull Run

Lincoln thought that an attack here would demonstrate the superiority of Union arms; first battle of the Civil War; the Union lost the battle but ultimately this led to a drop in southern enlistments and won northern support

Thomas Stonewall Jackson

Confederate general who was integral at the Battle of Bull Run and was mistakenly killed by his own men at Chancellorsville

George McClellan

Union general who was given command of the Army of the Potomac, but would rather drill than move on Richmond

Peninsula Campaign

led by George McClellan, forced by Lincoln to approach Richmond

Seven Days’ Battles

Devastating counter attack by Robert E. Lee against George McClellan outside of Richmond during the Peninsula Campaign

total war

Union strategy that involved blockades, liberating slaves, seizing the Mississippi River, sending troops through Georgia and the Carolinas, capturing Richmond, and grind the enemy’s main strength into submission

Tennessee

Ulysses Grant’s victories at Ft. Henry and Ft. Donelson, in this state, led to his promotion to head of the Union Army

Shiloh

A Confederate victory at this gory battle confirmed that there would be no quick end to the Civil War

Merrimack

former U.S. warship plated with old iron railroad rails by the Southerners that threatened the Yankee blockading fleet

Monitor

built in 100 days, this Union ironclad fought the Merrimack to a draw, bringing about the end of the era of wooden warships

Maryland

Following the victory of the Second Battle of Bull Run, Robert E. Lee took his Confederate Army in to this state