Chapter 13 AP Psych

Therapy

a general term for any treatment process; in psychology and psychiatry, therapy refers to a variety of psychological and biomedical techniques aimed at dealing with mental disorders or coping with problem of living.

psychological therapies

therapies based on psychological principles (rather than on the biomedical approach); often called "psychotherapy.

biomedical therapies

treatments that focus on altering the brain, especially with drugs, psychosurgery, or electroconvulsive therapy.

insight therapies

psychotherapies in which the therapist helps patients/clients understand (gain insight into) their problems.

talk therapies

psychotherapies that focus on communicating and verbalizing emotions and motives to understand their problems.

psychoanalysis

The form of psychodynamic therapy developed by Sigmund Freud. The goal of psychoanalysis is to release conflicts and memories from the unconscious.

analysis of transference

the Freudian technique of analyzing and interpreting the patient's relationship with the therapist, based on the assumption that his relationship mirrors unresolved conflicts in the patient's past.

Neo- Freudian psychodynamic therapies

therapist for mental disorder that were developed by psychodynamic theorists who embraced some of Freud's ideas but disagreed with others.

humanistic therapies

treatment techniques based on the assumption that people have a tendency for positive growth and self-actualization, which may be blocked by an unhealthy environment that can include negative self-evaluation and criticism from others

client centered therapy

a humanistic approach to treatment developed by Carl Rogers, emphasizing an individual's tendency for healthy psychological growth through self-actualization

reflection of feeling

Carl Rogers's technique of paraphrasing the client's words, attempting to capture the emotional tone expressed.

cognitive therapy

emphasizes rational thinking (as opposed to subjective emotion motivation, or repressed conflicts) as the key to treating mental disorder.

group therapy

any form of psychotherapy done with more than one client/patient at a time. Group therapy is often done from a humanistic perspective.

Self help support groups

groups, such as Alcoholic Anonymous, that provide social support and an opportunity for sharing ideas about dealing with common problems. Such groups are typically organized and run by laypersons, rather than professional therapists.

Behavior therapy

any form of psychotherapy based on the principles of behavioral learning, especially operant conditioning and classical conditioning.

exposure therapy

a form of desensitization therapy in which the patient directly confronts the anxiety-provoking stimulus (as opposed to imagining the stimulus.)

aversion therapy

as a classical conditioning procedure, aversive counterconditioning involves presenting individuals with an attractive stimulus paired with unpleasant (aversive) stimulation in order to condition revulsion.

token economy

an operant technique applied to groups, such as classrooms or mental hospital wards, involving the distribution of "tokens" or other indicators of reinforcements contingent on desired behaviors. The token can later be exchanged of privileges, food, or other reinforcers.

Deinstitutionalization

the policy of removing patients, whenever possible, from mental hospitals.

Therapeutic community

jones's term for a program of treating mental disorder by making the institutional environment supportive and humane for patients.

trans-cranial magnetic stimulation

a treatment that involves magnetic stimulation of specific regions of the brain. Unlike ECT, TMS does not produce a seizure.

Electroconversion therapy

a treatment used primarily for depression and involving the application of an electric current to the head, producing a generalized seizure. Sometimes called "shock treatment."

psychosurgery

the general term for surgical intervention in the brain to treat psychological disorders.

ADHD

a common problem in children who have difficulty controlling their behavior and focusing their attention.

Stimulants

drugs that normally increase activity level by encouraging communication among neurons in the brain. Stimulants, however, have been found to suppress activity level in persons with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

Anti anxiety drugs

a category of drugs that includes the barbiturates and benzodiazepine drugs that diminish feelings of anxiety.

Lithium carbonate

a simple chemical compound that is highly effective in dampening the extreme mood swings of bipolar disorder.

Antidepressant drugs

medicines that affect depression, usually by their effect on the serotonin and/or norepinephrine pathways in the brain.

Participant modding

a social learning technique in which a therapist demonstrates and encourages a client to imitate a desired behavior.

Cognitive behavioral therapy

a newer form of psychotherapy that combines the techniques of cognitive therapy with those of behavior therapy.

Rational emotive behavioral therapy

albert Ellis's brand of cognitive therapy, based on the idea that irrational thoughts and behaviors are the cause of mental disorders.