AP Human Geography/ Industry Test

Industry

Manufacturing of goods in a factory.

Cottage industry

Home-based manufacturing.

Just-in-time delivery

Shipment of parts and materials to arrive at a factory moments before they are needed.

Break-of-bulk point

Location where transfer among transportation modes is possible.

Labor-intensive industry

An industry in which wages and other compensation paid to employees constitute a high percentage of expenses.

Fordist production

Factories assign each worker one task to perform repeatedly, aiming for mass production.

Post-Fordist production

Organizes workers into teams that perform a variety of tasks and solve problems through consensus.

Bulk-reducing industry

An industry in which the inputs weigh more than the final products, locating near its sources of inputs.

Bulk-gaining industry

Makes something that gains volume or weight during production, locating near where the product is sold.

Maquiladoras

Plants in Mexico near the U.S. border that receive tax breaks.

New international division of labor

Selective transfer of some jobs to developing countries.

Vertical integration

Company controls all phases of a highly complex production process.

Biomass fuel

Derived from burning wood, plant material, and animal waste directly or converting them to charcoal, alcohol, or methane gas.

Geothermal energy

Energy from hot water or steam, feasible at sites along Earth's surface where crustal plates meet.

Solar energy

Uses sunlight to produce heat or electricity.

Passive solar energy system

Collects energy without mechanical devices, using south-facing windows and dark surfaces.

Active solar energy system

Collects solar radiation through mechanical devices and converts it to heat energy or electricity.

Acid precipitation

Rain made acidic by air pollution from factories and power plants.

Greenhouse effect

Increase in Earth’s temperature caused by carbon dioxide trapping radiation emitted by the surface.

Point source pollution

Pollution entering a body of water at a specific location.

Nonpoint source pollution

Pollution that comes from a large, diffuse area.

Hazardous waste

Waste that includes heavy metals, PCB oils, cyanides, strong solvents, acids, and caustics.

Environmental determinism

The belief that the physical environment causes social development.

Possibilism

The belief that the physical environment may limit some human actions, but people can adjust.

Rostow's Modernization Model

A 5-stage model describing the development process of countries.

Wallerstein's World Systems Theory

Theory categorizing countries into core, periphery, and semi-periphery based on economic development.

Weber's Least-Cost Theory

Theory focusing on minimizing transportation and labor costs in industrial location.