Untitled Flashcards Set

A form of asexual reproduction where an egg develops into an organism without fertilization.

Parthenogenesis

Sexual Reproduction Advantage

Increases genetic variation, which helps populations adapt.

A reproductive strategy that allows some organisms to switch between sexual and asexual reproduction based on environmental conditions.

Facultative Reproduction

A hormone that triggers ovulation in the female reproductive cycle.

Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

A structure in some female insects that stores sperm for later use.

Spermatheca

Cells in male reproduction that nourish developing sperm.

Sertoli Cells

A reproductive strategy used by barnacles and tapeworms to maximize reproductive success.

Hermaphroditism

The reaction that allows sperm to fuse with the egg's plasma membrane during fertilization.

Acrosomal Reaction

Climate Change Impact on Reproduction

Decreases food availability, affecting reproductive health.

Oysters change from male to female as they grow larger to maximize gamete production.

Oysters' Gender Change

Act as chemical signals for communication within the body.

Hormones Function

Coordinates slower but longer-lasting responses in the body.

Endocrine System Coordination

Type of signaling involving neurotransmitters released at synapses.

Synaptic Signaling

A hormone involved in the growth of adult cells and programmed cell death in insect metamorphosis.

Ecdysteroid

regulators that act over short distances are called paracrine and autocrine signals.

Local Regulators

Lipid-soluble hormones that can pass through cell membranes.

Steroid Hormones

Receptors that bind hormones and activate intracellular signaling cascades.

G-Protein-Coupled Receptors (GPCRs)

Mediates short-term stress responses, such as increasing blood glucose levels.

Epinephrine Function

A series of hormones released in a sequence, leading to a physiological response.

Hormone Cascade Pathway

Negative Feedback vs Positive Feedback

Negative feedback inhibits a response to prevent excessive activity, while positive feedback reinforces a stimulus to enhance a response.

Hormone responsible for lowering blood glucose levels.

Insulin

Pineal Gland Function

Regulates circadian rhythms through melatonin secretion.

Hyperthyroidism

Condition caused by overproduction of thyroid hormones.

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)

Anterior pituitary hormone that stimulates the adrenal cortex.

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

Hormone that increases blood calcium levels.

Osmoregulation

Balancing water and solute concentrations in animals.

Nitrogenous Waste Products

Glucose is NOT a nitrogenous waste product.

Freshwater Animals Regulation

Freshwater animals must regulate their osmolarity because they constantly gain water and lose salts.

Osmoconformer

Most likely refers to marine invertebrates.

Euryhaline Animals Capability

Euryhaline animals can tolerate large fluctuations in external osmolarity.

Ammonia Production

The least energetically expensive form of nitrogenous waste to produce.

Marine Bony Fish Water Balance

Maintains water balance by actively drinking seawater and excreting salts.

Desert Animals Adaptations

Help conserve water by being nocturnal and having water-efficient excretory systems.

Anhydrobiosis

A process in which an animal enters a dormant state to survive extreme dehydration.

Transport Epithelia

Specialized for moving solutes in specific directions.

Primary Excretory Organ in Vertebrates

The kidneys.

Protonephridia

Type of excretory system that uses flame bulbs to filter body fluids.

Uric Acid Excretion

Most water-efficient form of nitrogenous waste to excrete.

Key Functions of Excretory Systems

Filtration, reabsorption, secretion, and excretion.

Energy Expenditure and Osmoregulation

Influenced by the similarity of the animal’s osmolarity to its surroundings.

Marine Birds Salt Removal

Remove excess salt from their bloodstream through specialized nasal glands.

Malpighian Tubules Function

To filter waste and conserve water in insects.

Uric Acid Excreting Animals

Birds primarily excrete nitrogenous waste as uric acid.

Flame Bulbs Function

They draw in fluid and filter out waste.