Untitled Flashcards Set

Which of the following is an example of asexual reproduction?
Parthenogenesis

Why is sexual reproduction considered an evolutionary advantage?
It increases genetic variation, which helps populations adapt.

Which reproductive strategy allows some organisms to switch between sexual and asexual reproduction based on environmental conditions?
Facultative Reproduction

Which hormone triggers ovulation in the female reproductive cycle?
Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

Which structure stores sperm in some female insects for later use?
B) Spermatheca

What is the primary function of Sertoli cells in male reproduction?
Nourishing developing sperm

Which reproductive strategy is used by barnacles and tapeworms to maximize reproductive success?
Hermaphroditism

What is the purpose of the acrosomal reaction in fertilization?
It allows sperm to fuse with the egg's plasma membrane.

How does climate change negatively affect reproductive success?
It decreases food availability, affecting reproductive health.

Why do oysters change from male to female as they grow larger?
To maximize gamete production since females produce more eggs

What is the primary function of hormones in the body?
Act as chemical signals for communication within the body

Which system coordinates slower but longer-lasting responses in the body?
Endocrine system

What type of signaling involves neurotransmitters released at synapses?
Synaptic signaling

Which hormone is involved in both the growth of adult cells and programmed cell death in insect metamorphosis?
Ecdysteroid

What are local regulators that act over short distances called?
Paracrine and autocrine signals

Which type of hormone is lipid-soluble and can pass through cell membranes?
Steroid hormones

What is the role of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) in hormone signaling?
They bind hormones and activate intracellular signaling cascades

What is the function of epinephrine (adrenaline) in the body?
Mediates short-term stress responses, such as increasing blood glucose levels

Which of the following correctly describes a hormone cascade pathway?
A series of hormones are released in a sequence, leading to a physiological response

What is the main difference between negative and positive feedback mechanisms in hormonal regulation?
Negative feedback inhibits a response to prevent excessive activity, while positive feedback reinforces a stimulus to enhance a response

What hormone is responsible for lowering blood glucose levels?
Insulin

Which gland is directly responsible for regulating circadian rhythms through melatonin secretion?
Pineal gland

What condition is caused by an overproduction of thyroid hormones?
Hyperthyroidism

Which of the following is an anterior pituitary hormone that stimulates the adrenal cortex?
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

What is the primary function of the parathyroid hormone (PTH)?
Increase blood calcium levels

What is the primary function of osmoregulation in animals?
To balance water and solute concentrations

Which of the following is NOT a nitrogenous waste product?
Glucose

Freshwater animals must regulate their osmolarity because they constantly:
Gain water and lose salts

Which type of animal is most likely to be an osmoconformer?
Marine invertebrates

Euryhaline animals are able to:
Tolerate large fluctuations in external osmolarity

Which of the following is the least energetically expensive form of nitrogenous waste to produce?
Ammonia

Marine bony fish maintain water balance by:
Actively drinking seawater and excreting salts

Which of the following adaptations help desert animals conserve water?
Being nocturnal and having water-efficient excretory systems

What is anhydrobiosis?
A process in which an animal enters a dormant state to survive extreme dehydration

Which of the following statements about transport epithelia is true?
They are specialized for moving solutes in specific directions

What is the primary excretory organ in vertebrates?
Kidneys

Which type of excretory system uses flame bulbs to filter body fluids?
Protonephridia

Which type of nitrogenous waste is the most water-efficient for excretion?
Uric acid

The four key functions of most excretory systems include filtration, reabsorption, secretion, and:
Excretion

What factor influences the energy expenditure required for osmoregulation?
The similarity of the animal’s osmolarity to its surroundings

Which factor affects the amount of energy an animal expends on osmoregulation?
The similarity of the animal’s osmolarity to its environment

How do marine birds remove excess salt from their bloodstream?
Through specialized nasal glands

What is the main function of Malpighian tubules in insects?
Filtering waste and conserving water

Which of the following animals excretes nitrogenous waste primarily as uric acid?
Birds

What is the function of flame bulbs in protonephridia?
They draw in fluid and filter out waste