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Crime
A behavior that is prohibited by law and punishable by sanctions.
Criminal Law
The body of law that defines and regulates criminal behavior.
Criminal Code
A collection of laws that define criminal behavior and specify the penalties for violations.
Criminal Justice System
The system of institutions and processes that deal with criminal behavior, including law enforcement, courts, and corrections.
Actus Reus
The guilty act or the physical component of a crime.
Mens Rea
The guilty mind or the mental component of a crime.
Causation
The relationship between the actus reus and the harm caused by the crime.
Harm
The negative impact of a crime on individuals, communities, or society as a whole.
Punishment
The sanctions imposed on individuals who have committed a crime.
Deterrence
The use of punishment to discourage criminal behavior.
Rehabilitation
The use of punishment to change the behavior of individuals who have committed a crime.
Retribution
The use of punishment to satisfy the desire for revenge or justice.
Incarceration
The confinement of individuals who have committed a crime in a prison or jail.
Probation
A form of punishment that allows individuals to remain in the community under supervision.
Parole
The early release of individuals from incarceration on the condition that they comply with certain conditions.
Crime Prevention
Strategies and programs aimed at reducing the likelihood of criminal behavior.
Crime Control
Strategies and programs aimed at detecting and punishing criminal behavior.
Criminology
The scientific study of crime and criminal behavior.
Victimology
The scientific study of the impact of crime on victims.
Restorative Justice
An approach to criminal justice that emphasizes repairing the harm caused by crime.
White-Collar Crime
Non-violent crimes committed by individuals or organizations in the course of their professional or business activities.
Organized Crime
Crime committed by groups of individuals working together for financial gain.
Cybercrime
Crime committed using the internet or other digital technologies.
Hate Crime
Crimes motivated by bias or prejudice against a particular group.
Terrorism
The use of violence or the threat of violence to achieve political or ideological goals.
Juvenile Delinquency
Criminal behavior committed by individuals under the age of 18.
Corporate Crime
Crimes committed by corporations or other business entities
Victimless Crimes
Crimes that do not involve a direct victim
Crime Rates
Number of crimes reported per 100,000 people
Clearance Rates
Percentage of crimes solved by law enforcement
Violent Crimes
Category including murder, assault, rape, and robbery
Property Crimes
Category including theft, burglary, and vandalism
Public Order Crimes
Category including disorderly conduct and loitering
White-Collar Crimes
Category including fraud and insider trading
Cybercrimes
Category including hacking and online fraud
Organized Crimes
Category including gang activity and human trafficking
Financial Crimes
Category including money laundering and tax evasion
Environmental Crimes
Category including pollution and illegal dumping
Hate Crimes
Crimes motivated by prejudice or bias
Drug-Related Crimes
Category including drug trafficking and possession
Sexual Crimes
Category including rape and sexual assault
Traffic Crimes
Category including drunk driving and speeding
Weapons Crimes
Category including illegal possession of firearms
Terrorism-Related Crimes
Category including terrorism and cyberterrorism
Juvenile Crimes
Crimes committed by minors
Elder Crimes
Crimes against elderly individuals
Cyber-Enabled Crimes
Crimes facilitated by technology
Wildlife Crimes
Crimes related to wildlife, such as poaching
Physical Harm
Injuries, disabilities, or death caused by crime
Emotional Trauma
Anxiety, depression, PTSD resulting from crime
Financial Loss
Theft, property damage, or loss of income due to crime
Loss of Personal Freedom
Incarceration or probation as a consequence of crime
Stigma and Shame
Social isolation and guilt following a crime
Fear and Anxiety
Anxiety and fear of future victimization
Disruption of Daily Life
Changes in routine and decreased productivity due to crime
Impact on Relationships
Strained relationships with others after a crime
Fear of Crime
Increased fear and anxiety in the community
Social Disorganization
Breakdown of social norms due to crime
Economic Decline
Reduced property values and increased poverty from crime
Community Disinvestment
Reduced community resources due to crime
Increased Policing
More police presence and surveillance in response to crime
Racial and Socioeconomic Tensions
Exacerbation of social inequalities by crime
Economic Burden
Increased costs and burden on taxpayers due to crime
Educational Attainment
Level of education achieved by an individual
Dropout Rates
Percentage of students who leave school before completing their education
Academic Performance
Student's achievements in school or academic settings
Political Implications
Effects on laws, policies, and political priorities
Media Perception
How the media portrays and influences public opinion
Public Health Impact
Effects on infectious diseases, mental health, and substance abuse
Environmental Degradation
Deterioration of the environment due to various factors
Social Capital
Resources and benefits that come from social networks and relationships
Human Rights Impact
Violations of rights related to safety, security, and dignity
Law Enforcement Effects
Impacts on workload, stress, and burnout among officers
Healthcare System Impact
Effects on demand for healthcare services
Social Services Demand
Increased need for services like counseling, housing, and food assistance
Education System Effects
Impacts on resources and services in the education sector
Political Institutions Changes
Alterations in laws, policies, and political priorities
Community Organizations
Groups providing resources and services within a community
Faith-Based Organizations
Groups offering spiritual support and social services based on faith
Business and Economy
Effects on economic investment, security costs, and consumer confidence
Government Agencies
Departments responsible for providing government services
Deviance
Behavior that violates social norms, expectations, or laws
Anomie
State of society with a lack of social norms or breakdown in norms
Deviance Amplification
Process where deviant behavior is exaggerated through media or social reaction
Deviance Avowal
Acknowledgment and acceptance of one's deviant behavior
Deviance Denial
Rejection or denial of one's deviant behavior
Deviant Behavior
Actions that go against societal norms, expectations, or laws
Deviant Career
Pattern of deviant behavior becoming a way of life
Deviant Community
Group sharing deviant values, norms, and behaviors
Deviant Culture
Culture that promotes or values deviant behavior
Deviant Identity
Individual's self-perception as a deviant
Deviant Organization
Formal or informal group promoting deviant behavior
Deviant Subculture
Subgroup sharing deviant values, norms, and behaviors
Differential Association
Process of learning deviant behavior through interactions
Labeling
Attaching negative labels or stereotypes to individuals or groups
Labeling Theory
Theory that deviance results from labeling individuals as deviant
Moral Entrepreneur
Individual or group advocating for changes in social norms or laws
Neutralization techniques
Strategies used to justify deviant behavior
Primary deviance
Initial acts of deviance seen as isolated incidents
Secondary deviance
Repeated deviant acts forming a pattern
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