Untitled Flashcards Set

Algorithm

A step-by-step procedure or formula for solving a problem that guarantees a solution if followed correctly, though it can be time-consuming.

Heuristics

Mental shortcuts or 'rules of thumb' that simplify decision-making or problem-solving; they are faster and more efficient than algorithms but don’t guarantee a correct solution.

Phoneme

The smallest unit of sound in a language that can distinguish words, such as the sounds 'p' in 'pat' and 'b' in 'bat.'

Morphemes

The smallest units of meaning in a language, which could be a word, a prefix, or a suffix; for example, 'unhappiness' consists of 'un-' (prefix), 'happy' (root), and '-ness' (suffix).

Confirmation Bias

The tendency to search for, interpret, or remember information that confirms one’s preexisting beliefs or hypotheses, while giving less consideration to alternative possibilities.

Telegraphic Speech

Early speech in children, typically around age 2, characterized by short and simple sentences that omit less critical words, e.g., 'Want cookie' instead of 'I want a cookie.'

Cognition

The mental processes involved in gaining knowledge and understanding, including thinking, knowing, remembering, and problem-solving.

Framing

The way information is presented can influence decisions and judgments, e.g., stating '90% success rate' vs. '10% failure rate' can lead to different perceptions.

Insight

A sudden realization or understanding of a problem’s solution, often occurring without conscious thought.

Prototype

A mental image or best example of a category; for instance, a robin might be considered a prototypical example of a 'bird.'

Syntax

The rules and structure that govern the arrangement of words in sentences to convey meaning.

Fixation

The inability to see a problem from a new perspective, often due to cognitive biases or mental blocks.

Linguistic Determinism (Whorf)

The hypothesis that language influences or determines the way we think, suggesting that the structure of language shapes thought and perception.

Cooing

The earliest stage of speech development, occurring around 6 to 8 weeks, characterized by soft, repetitive vowel sounds.

Babbling

A stage of language development around 4-6 months where children repeat consonant-vowel combinations like 'ba-ba' or 'da-da.'

One-word Stage

A stage of language development from 12-18 months where single words are used to represent entire thoughts or objects.

Two-word Stage

A stage of language development from 18-24 months where simple two-word combinations are formed, such as 'want cookie.'

Early Sentences

A stage of language development from 3-4 years involving more complex sentences with correct syntax and grammar usage.

Later Development

A stage from 4+ years indicating mastery of more complex sentence structures, vocabulary, and grammar.