Untitled Flashcards Set

  1. Algorithm: A step-by-step procedure or formula for solving a problem. It guarantees a solution if followed correctly, but it can be time-consuming.

  2. Heuristics: Mental shortcuts or "rules of thumb" that often simplify decision-making or problem-solving. They don't guarantee a correct solution, but they are faster and more efficient than algorithms.

  3. Phoneme: The smallest unit of sound in a language that can distinguish words. For example, the sound "p" in "pat" and "b" in "bat" are different phonemes.

  4. Morphemes: The smallest units of meaning in a language. A morpheme could be a word, a prefix, or a suffix. For example, "unhappiness" consists of three morphemes: "un-" (prefix), "happy" (root word), and "-ness" (suffix).

  5. Confirmation Bias: The tendency to search for, interpret, or remember information that confirms one's preexisting beliefs or hypotheses, while giving less consideration to alternative possibilities.

  6. Telegraphic Speech: Early speech in children, typically around age 2, where they use short and simple sentences, often omitting less critical words. For example, "Want cookie" instead of "I want a cookie."

  7. Cognition: The mental processes involved in gaining knowledge and understanding, including thinking, knowing, remembering, and problem-solving.

  8. Framing: The way information is presented or framed can influence decisions and judgments. For example, saying "90% success rate" vs. "10% failure rate" can lead to different perceptions.

  9. Insight: A sudden realization or understanding of a problem’s solution, often occurring without conscious thought or reasoning.

  10. Prototype: A mental image or best example of a category. For instance, when thinking of a "bird," a robin might come to mind as the prototypical example.

  11. Syntax: The rules and structure that govern the arrangement of words in sentences to convey meaning.

  12. Fixation: The inability to see a problem from a new perspective, often due to cognitive biases or mental blocks.

  13. Linguistic Determinism (Whorf): The hypothesis that language influences or determines the way we think. According to this view, the structure of language shapes thought and perception.

Stages of Language Development:

  1. Earliest Stage of Speech Development: The earliest stage of speech development is cooing, which typically occurs around 6 to 8 weeks. Babies start making soft, repetitive vowel sounds.

  2. Stages of Language Development:

    • Cooing (6-8 weeks): Repetition of vowel sounds like "oo" or "ah."

    • Babbling (4-6 months): Repeating consonant-vowel combinations like "ba-ba" or "da-da."

    • One-word Stage (12-18 months): Single words used to represent entire thoughts or objects (e.g., "milk" or "dog").

    • Two-word Stage (18-24 months): Simple two-word combinations like "want cookie" or "big truck."

    • Telegraphic Speech (2-3 years): Short, simple sentences using mainly content words, with omitted functional words.

    • Early Sentences (3-4 years): More complex sentences with correct syntax and grammar usage.

    • Later Development (4+ years): Mastery of more complex sentence structures, vocabulary, and grammar.