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Thermal Expansion

Thermal Expansion

Change in length or volume a material undergoes when heated.

Thermal Conductivity

Rate of heat transfer by conduction.

Sound Absorption

Property of materials to absorb sound energy.

Force

A push or pull acting on an object.

Unit Stress (Stress)

Force per unit area.

Strength

Material's ability to resist forces.

Strength of Materials

Ability to withstand stress without failure.

Compressive Strength

Capacity to resist axially directed pushing forces.

Tensile Strength

Maximum stress a material can handle when stretched.

Shear Strength

Ability to withstand shearing forces.

Hardness

Resistance of a material to deformation.

Brittleness

Fractures under low stress without deformation.

Ductility

Ability to be stretched without fracturing.

Malleability

Ability to be mechanically deformed.

Elasticity

Ability to return to original shape after deformation.

Weatherability

Ability to retain appearance when exposed to environmental effects.

Abrasion Resistance

Ability to resist wear from friction.

Thermal Resistivity

Resistance to heat transmission.

Acid Resistance

Resistance to acid attack.

Fire Resistance

Capacity to withstand fire.

Impact Resistance

Resistance to shock.

Plasticity

Material does not return to original shape after load removal.

Viscosity

Property of flowing in fluids.

Tear Resistance

Ability to resist tearing.

Electrical Conductance

Ability to conduct electricity.

Permeability

Property allowing liquids to pass through.

Corrosion Resistance

Ability to resist rusting.

Woods

Tough fibrous substance in tree stems and branches.

Bark

Tough external covering of a woody stem.

Pith

Central portion of a tree.

Heartwood

Older, harder core of a tree.

Sapwood

Younger, softer living wood portion.

Inner Bark

Tissue layer transporting food in trees.

XYLEM

Woody tissue of a tree ; provides support and conducts water

Annual Ring

a concentric layer of wood

Bark

- external covering of a woody stem; composed of a living inner layer ( phloem

Camblum

- A thin layer of reproductive tissue between the phloem and xylem

Phloem

a layer of tissue that carries food from the leaves ( Inner Bark)

MEDULLARY RAYS

The ribbon of tissue extending radially from the pith

ANNUAL RING

- A concentric layers of wood produced during a single year’s growth of a temperate tree. Also called GROWTH RING

PITH

- The soft central core about which first growth take place in a newly formed stem

Features of Wood

- resistant to fibers; good isolation ; not withstand fire; light weight; resists salt and moisture; renewable resource

Hardwood

- wood from the broad-leaved flowering tree such as apitong, narra, tanguile yacal, etc. ;  from dicot angios perm trees; temperate: deciduous

Decidious

Shedding leaves at the end of growing season

SoftWood

- from a conifer;evergreen; longlear pine, douglas, fir and yew

Lumber

wood after it is sawed or sliced into boards, planks, sticks,

Rough Lumber

- is swan, edged, trimmed but not surfaced

Dressed Lumber-

s surfaced with a planning machine to attain a smooth surface and uniform size

Nominal Dimension

- dimension of lumber before drying and surfacing used for convenience in defining size and computing quantity; inch marks

Dressed Size-

dimension of lumber after seasoning and surfacing from m 3/8 to 3/4inches less than the nominal dimension

Grade-

classification of lumber in regards to strength and utility in accordance with the grading rules of an approved lumber grading agency.

Yard Lumber-

- Softwood lumber intended for general building purposes, including boards, dimension lumbers, and

Seasoning-

process of removing moisture from wood aka conditioning or curing

Methods of Seasoning of Lumber-

- Natural and Artificial,Natural Method

BUILDING STONES

– Stones or pieces of basic material rock

IGNEOUS -

formed as the result of the cooling of molten matter.

SEDIMENTARY

- formed by the action of water either by .depositing

 METAMORPHIC

- rocks changed from their original structure by the action of extreme pressure, heat, or various combinations of these forces

ARGILLITE

one formed ·from clay, commonly dark-blue with faint shades of green

GRANITE -

is of igneous origin and composed of quartz, feldspar, hornblende and mica. Its generally very hard, strong durable and capable of taking a high polish. For

 LIMESTONE

- is a sedimentary rock which is either oolitic, or calcite cemented alcareous stone formed of shells fragments.

METALS

Is a material that, when freshly prepared; lustrous appearance, ;conducts electricity and heat relatively well.

FERROUS METALS

- Has iron in its composition. It is magnetic.  Comes from a Latin word 'ferrum’ means iron.  Examples: ◦ steel ◦ cast iron

NON-FERROUS METALs

Without iron in its composition ; Use of magnet  Malleability

STEEL

An alloy of iron and carbon with improved strength and fracture resistance • world's most important engineering and construction material • high tensile strength and low cost.

ALLOY STEEL-

A type of steel alloyed with several elements such as molybdenum, manganese, nickel, chromium, vanadium, silicon, and boron that increase strength, hardness, wearesistance, and toughness

STAINLESS STEEL

• Made primarily from iron and carbon in a two-step process • The addition of chromium (cr) and other alloying elements such as nickel (Ni) to create

a corrosion-resistant product makes the stainless steel different

IRON

• It is a lustrous, ductile, malleable, silver-grey in colour • the tenth most abundant element in the universe • chemical element, met

CAST IRON

• An alloy of iron that contains 2 to 4 percent carbon, along with varying amounts of

silicon and manganese and traces of impurities such as sulfur and phosphorus • made by reducing iron ore in a blast furnace

WROUGHT IRON

• A soft, ductile, fibrous variety that is produced from a semi fused mass of Relatively pure iron globules partially surrounded by slag usually contains less than 0.1 percent carbon and 1 or 2 percent slag

ALUMINUM

• most abundant metallic element inearth's crust and the most widely used nonferrous metal

BRONZE

An alloy traditionally composed of copper and tin

• Modern bronze is typically 88 percent copper and about 12 percent tin bronze is of

exceptional historical interest and still finds wide applications

GLASS

A hard brittle inorganic substance, ordinarily transparent or translucent; produced by melting a mixture of silica, a flux and a stabilizer; while molten, may be blown, drawn, rolled, pressed or cast to a variety of shapes

GLAZING

The action, process, or trade of fitting windows with glass

TYPES OF GLASS ( Manufacturing)

ANNEALED GLASS , Tempered.Laminated

TYPE OF GLASS

Glass blocks, glass wool , architectural glass , chemically strengthened glass

Concrete

artificial stone - like mass

• composite material • useful for construction

• easy to form into shapes

• reasonable, low-cost and instant mix

• reliable and high quality

Green concrete

Freshly prepared concrete till

it has not yet set

set concrete or just concrete.

it has thoroughly set and fully hardened cement

Composition of Basic Concrete Mix

BINDING MATERIAL + FINE & COARSE AGGREGATE + WATER+ ADMIXTURE ( OPTIONAL)

BINDING MATERIALS

The main element of the mix

◦ Cement_ is a very fine powdery substance

◦ Cement + Water = Paste that coats the aggregates

◦ The paste hardens - binding aggregates- stone like substance

AGGREGATES

◦ Sand is a fine mixture

◦ Gravel or crushed stone_ is a coarse mixture in most mixes

WATER

◦ required to with chemicals react with the cement and to supply

workability with the concrete

TYPES OF CONCRETE AND ITS USES

1.According to binding material used in concrete.

2.According to design of concrete.

3.According to purpose of Concrete.

CEMENT CONCRETE

The concrete consisting of cement, sand and coarse aggregates mixed in asuitable proportions in addition to water is called cement concrete. In this type ,is used as a binding material, sand as fine aggregates and gravel, crushed stones as coarse aggregates.

LIME CONCRETE

The concrete consisting of lime, fine aggregates, and coarse aggregates

mixed in a suitable proportions with water is called lime concrete. In this type of

concrete hydraulic lime is generally used as a binding material, sand and cinder

are used as fine aggregates and broken bricks, gravel can be used as coarse

aggregates.

PLACING OF LIME CONCRETE

Placing of concrete shall be completed within three hours of adding water incase of concrete is prepared with hydraulic lime. Concrete should be well cured for a period of at least 10 days.

PLAIN CEMENT CONCRETE

The cement concrete in which no reinforcement is provided is called plain cement

concrete or mass cement concrete. This type of concrete is strong in taking compressive

stresses but weak in taking tensile stresses.

REINFORCED CEMENT CONCRETE(RCC)

The cement concrete in which reinforcement is embedded for taking tensile stress. In this type of concrete the steel reinforcement is to be used generally in the form of round bars,6mm to 32mm dia. This concrete is equally strong in taking tensile, compressive and shear stresses. Usual proportions of ingredientsin a reinforced concrete are 1 part of cement:1-2parts of sand:2-4parts of crushed stones or gravel.

PRE-STRESSED CEMENT CONCRETE (PCC)

The cement concrete in which high compressive stresses are artificially induced before their actual use. in this type of cement concrete, the high compressive stresses are induced by pre-tensioning the reinforcement before placing the concrete, and the reinforcement is released when final setting of the concrete take place.

Vacuum concrete:

The cement concrete from which entrained air and excess water is removed after placing it, by suction with the help of vacuum pump

Air entrained concrete

The concrete prepared by mixing aluminum

Light weight concrete

The concrete prepared by using coke breeze, cinder or slag as coarse aggregate

CLASS AA

1:11⁄2: 3

Concrete under water,retaining walls

CLASS A

1:2:4

Footings, columns, beams, RC slabs

CLASS B

1:2 1⁄2 :5 Slab on-fill, non bearing wall

CLASS C

1:3:6 Concrete plant box, etc.

Water-Cement Ratio

In the preparation of concrete the water cement ratio is very important

• Adding to much water will reduce the strength of concrete and can cause segregation.

• For different ratio of concrete the amount of water for 50kg of cement is

SLUMP TEST

When freshly mixed concrete is checked to ensure that the specified slump is being attained consistently. A standard slump cone is 12 inches high (0.30) and 8 inches (0.20) in diameter at the bottom and 4 inches (0.10) on top which is open on both ends.