Lecture Review on Philosophical Theories of Justice and Ethics

These flashcards are designed to help students review key concepts from the lecture on philosophical theories of justice and ethics, focusing on the works of Rawls, Aristotle, Kant, and others.

the veil of ignorance in Rawls's theory

It ensures that principles of justice are chosen impartially without knowledge of one's social position or personal characteristics, promoting fairness.

Why does Rawls think that a consequentialist principle like the principle of utility will not be chosen by occupants of the original position?

Because it may lead to inequalities where some have lesser life prospects for the sake of greater overall happiness.

What advantages does Rawls cite in favor of his use of the term 'contract' to characterize his theory?

It emphasizes mutual agreement and fairness among rational individuals and suggests that principles of justice are chosen through a democratic-like process.

What reasons does Rawls offer for claiming his theory represents an 'egalitarian' conception of justice?

It aims to address unequal natural endowments and ensures that any social and economic inequalities benefit the least advantaged.

How might a social contract theory of morality account for obligations toward nonhuman animals?

By considering relationships and responsibilities that extend beyond human interactions, particularly in regards to suffering and rights.

Why should undeserved inequalities of birth and natural endowments be compensated for in a theory of justice according to rawls?

These inequalities are arbitrary and do not reflect individual merit, hence, justice should correct the bias they create.

What is Aristotle's definition of virtue?

Virtue is a disposition to act in accordance with reason, representing a mean between two extremes.

How does Aristotle characterize the good?

The good is the end of all actions, it is complete, self-sufficient, and the most choiceworthy of all

What is the significance of habituation in acquiring virtue according to Aristotle?

Virtues of character arise through repeated actions and habits rather than being inherent or natural.

What is the definition of virtue provided by Aristotle?

Virtue is a state that decides, consisting in a mean relative to us, defined by reference to reason.

How does Kant define the Categorical Imperative?

Act only according to that maxim whereby you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law

What distinguishes categorical imperatives from hypothetical imperatives according to Kant?

Categorical imperatives command actions unconditionally, whereas hypothetical imperatives depend on personal desires or goals

How does Kant use the concept of humanity as an end in itself?

Humanity must always be treated as an end and never merely as a means, emphasizing respect for individuals.

What role does the idea of reciprocity play in Rawls's theory of justice?

Justice requires mutual benefit among individuals, aligning self-interest with the overall welfare of society.

What does Rawls mean by the principle of redress?

Society must address and compensate for undeserved inequalities that arise from natural and social conditions.