English language unit 3 and 4 - Lexicology

Function words

Lexemes used for grammatical purposes

Content words

Lexemes that provided meaning

(Noun,lexical verb

adjectives, ad

Nouns

Identifies places, people and things; or name qualities, ideas or concepts.

Pronounss

Replaces a noun in a noun phrase within a sentence

- 1st person: speaker (i)

- 2nd person: whose being talked about (you)

- 3rd person: someone other than interlocutors.

- Demonstrative: Refers to a particular place, person or thing. Replaces the entire noun or noun phrase it represents.

Lexical verb

Expresses the action or state of being of the subject

Auxiliary verbs

Accompany the main verb to convey grammatical information such as tense, aspect, mood, etc.

"She is writing a novel."

Modal verbs

Type of auxiliary verb used to express modality, indicating possibility, necessity, ability, permission, etc.

- can, could, should, may, might, will, ought, shall, must.

adjectives

Provides extra information about a noun or pronoun

adverbs

Help to describe, modify or qualify verbs, adjectives, phrases or sentences.

- "When?Where?How?"

-express time, place and manner, cause and effect, degree, frequency, comment"

prepositions

Expresses a relationship between a noun and another element in a sentence.Info on noun state.

In the morning

Place: in, on, at, by, near, between

Time: for, before, after, during.

Movement: to, from, into, through.

Coordinating conjunction

Can join two or more independent clauses we refer to them as FANBOYS

For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet , So.

Subordinating conjunction

Connects independent and dependent parts of a sentence.

- Condense information, reduce repetition and vary repetition.

Determiners

Is placed in front of a noun and helps to describe the noun. It can specify definiteness, quantity and possession

Article: A+an (indefinite), the (definite)

Demonstrative: The , that

Quantity: A lot , all, several.

interjections

Expresses feelings and emotions

"wow", "Oh really?", "Congratulation"

Word formation process

BNCN

Borrowings, neologism, commonisation, nominalisation

Borrowing

Anglicised(english) forms of words brought in from other languages.

Sushi

Neologism

Words new to language

Words risen in popularity and usage, and have recently been accepted

Commonisation

Where a proper noun becomes a common noun

Typically occurs when a popular brand name is obliged to similar items. (polaroid)

Nominalisation

Making nouns from verbs or adjectives.

'Walk'( I will walk today)

Obsolescence (word loss)

When the referent of a word ceases to exist, the lexeme no longer serves its purpose, so may be removed from the language

Archaims (word loss)

Words that have fallen out of common use but remain recognisable to modern speakers.