Space, time and motion (Without Galilean and special relativity)

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46 Terms

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Acceleration (a)

the rate of change of velocity. (if constant: a=Δv/Δt)

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Air drag

resistive force that acts on objects moving through air.

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Angular acceleration (α)

the rate of change of angular velocity. (α=Δω/Δt, α=a/r)

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Angular displacement (θ)

the angle through which an object moves on a circular path.

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Angular impulse (ΔL)

the change in angular momentum of a rigid body due to the application of torque over a period of time. (ΔL=τΔt)

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Angular momentum (L)

the rotational equivalent of linear momentum, the product of its moment of inertia and its angular velocity. (L=Iω, L=rp)

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Angular velocity (ω)

the rate of change of angular displacement.(ω=Δθ/Δt)

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Average speed (v)

the total distance traveled divided by the total time taken. (scalar) (v=s/t)

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Average velocity (v)

the total displacement divided by the total time taken (vector) (v=s/t)

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Centripetal force

force that acts on a body moving in a circular path and is directed towards the centre around which the body is moving.

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Collisions

are interactions where two or more objects exert forces on each other for a short time.

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Conservation of angular momentum

Angular momentum (L) is conserved unless an external torque acts on the system.

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Conservation of mechanical energy

In an isolated system, the total mechanical energy is conserved:

(Etotal=Ek+Ep=constant)

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Contact forces

forces that arise due to direct physical interaction between two objects.

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Density

how much mass is contained in a given volume of the medium. (d=m/V)

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Drag force

resistive force that acts opposite to the direction of an object’s motion through a fluid (such as air or water)

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Efficiency

how effectively a system converts input energy into useful output energy./(of a heat engine) measures how effectively it converts input energy into useful work.

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Elastic collision

both momentum and kinetic energy are conserved.

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Elasticity

describes how easily a medium returns to its original shape after being disturbed.

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Friction force

a force that opposes the motion of an object.

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Impulse (Δp)

describes how a force applied over a period of time changes an object's momentum. (Δp=FΔt)

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Impulse-momentum theorem

the impulse on an object is equal to the change in its momentum

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Inelastic collision

momentum is conserved, but kinetic energy is not.

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Inertia

the tendency of an object to resist changes in its state of motion

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Inertial reference frame

Newton’s first law holds true: an object at rest stays at rest, and an object in motion continues in a straight line at constant speed unless acted upon by a force

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Instantaneous acceleration

the acceleration at a specific moment in time. (suvat)

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Kinetic energy (Ek)

the energy an object possesses due to its motion. (Ek=mv²/2)

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Mechanical energy (Em)

is the sum of an object's kinetic energy and potential energy.

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Momentum (p)

a measure of how difficult it is to stop a moving object. It depends on two factors: the object's mass and its velocity. (p=mv)

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Newton's first law of motion

An object at rest stays at rest, and an object in motion stays in motion at a constant velocity, unless acted upon by a net external force.

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Newton's second law of motion

The acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net force acting on it and inversely proportional to its mass. (a=F/m)

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Newton's third law of motion

For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.

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Perfectly inelastic collision

the colliding objects stick together and move as one mass after the collision.

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Potential energy (Ep)

the energy stored in an object due to its position or configuration. (Ep=mgh)

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Power (P)

the rate at which energy is transferred or converted (P=ΔE/t)

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Projectile motion

the motion of an object thrown or projected into the air, subject to only the acceleration of gravity.

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Rigid body

an idealized object in which the relative positions of all particles remain fixed, regardless of external forces or torques.

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Rotational equilibrium

defined as the state of movement where angular acceleration is zero: total torque is zero.

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Rotational kinetic energy/angular kinetic energy

kinetic energy due to the rotation of an object and is part of its total kinetic energy.

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Scalar quantities

have only magnitude and no direction.

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Terminal velocity

the constant speed an object reaches when the drag force equals the gravitational force acting on it.

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The law of conservation of momentum

the total momentum of an isolated system remains constant if no external forces act on it.

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The work-energy theorem

the net work done on an object is equal to the change in its kinetic energy. (W= ΔEk)

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Torque (τ)

rotational equivalent of force. It measures the ability of a force to cause an object to rotate. (τ=rFsinθ)

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Vector quantities

have both magnitude and direction.

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Work (W)

the product of the force applied to an object, the displacement of the object, and the cosine of the angle between the force and the displacement. (W=Fscosθ)