APUSH Midterm

Beiring Strait

Where early civilizations crossed from Asia to Alaska

South and Central American Civilizations

-earliest civilizations

Incas

-largest empire in Peru (Pachacuti was leader)
-had paved roads and admin system

Mayans

-Central American
-written language, accurate calendar, agricultural system, trade routes

Aztecs

-AKA Mexica
-established Tenochtitlan (Mec City)
-aqueducts for water transportation, public buildings, schools, military, medical system, slaves, taxes
-religion based on human sacrifice

Meso-Americans

-center of civilized life in North/Central USA
-suffered from European disease

Norther Civilizations

-smaller empires with political systems
-hunting/gathering
-Eskimos
-nomadic

Southern Civilizations

-agricultural with Sedentary Farming
-irrigation systems
-nomadic tribes that hunted buffalos

Easter Civilizations

-Woodland Indians
farming, hunting/gathering
-Iroquoian had 5 nations \= Seneca, Cayuga, Onondaga, Oneida, Mohawk
Muskogean had 4 nations \= Chickasaws, Choctaws, Creeks, Seminoles

Prince Henry the Navigator

-Prince of Portugal who established an observatory and school of navigation at Sagres and directed voyages that spurred the growth of Portugal's colonial empire
-determined to explore western coast of Africa

Bartolomeu Dias

Portuguese explorer who in 1488 led the first expedition to sail around the southern tip of Africa from the Atlantic and sight the Indian Ocean

Vasco da Gama

Portuguese explorer. In 1497-1498 he led the first naval expedition from Europe and sailed to India, opening an important commercial sea route.

Christopher Columbus

-reached Asia by going west not east
-Spain supported his voyage
-Nina, Pinta, Santa Maria
-went on 4 expeditions

New World

-the name given by Europeans to the Americas (Amerigo Vespucci)
-Columbus wanted to make the natives become Christians

Ferdinand Magellan

Portuguese navigator who led the Spanish expedition of 1519-1522 that was the first to circumnavigate the globe

The Conquistadors

-Spanish claimed the new world with help of advanced weapons, horses, and disease
-Hernando Cortes: claimed Aztecs
-Francisco Pizarro: claimed Incas

Spanish America

-Age of Discovery and Exploration: Columbus
-Age of Conquest: took over Native land
Ordinances of Discovery: banned harsh military
-wanted gold/silver, better economy, and spread Catholicism

Northern Outposts

-St. Augustine, Florida: first European settlement Spanish
-Don Juan de Onate-claimed land of Pueblo Natives and demanded labor from them encomienda system
Pueblo revolt:series of raids, led to an uprising by the Pope, spanish were temporarily driven away, destroyed Catholic churches

Encomienda System

It gave settlers the right to extract Native American labor and tribute

European Diseases

smallpox, measles, influenza which killed millions of natives

Mestizos

A person of mixed Native American and European ancestry (played in the racial hierarchy)

Cultural Exchange in the New World

Natives: told Europeans about gold/silver and became main labor source
Europeans: introduced new crops/livestock in the Columbian Exchange

Utopia by Sir Thomas More

described a perfect society in the new world

Mercantilism

economic policy where one wants more exports than imports

Martin Luther

95 Thesis: posted in 1517, denied absolutist rule, claimed there were only 2 sacraments\=baptism and communion
-Protestant Reform

John Calvin

religious reformer who believed in predestination and a strict sense of morality for society

English Reformation

-result of the disagreement between Henry VIII and the Pope, created the Church of England or Anglican Church which was separate from the Catholic Church, still left little room for religious freedom
-protestants became Puritans who found refuge in the New World

The Dutch in America

-Henry Hudson: an explore for the Dutch who claimed present day NY
-Dutch West India Company: established permanent trading posts on the Hudson

The First English Settlement

-Sir Walter Raleigh: explored North American coast, founded Roanoke island, named the area Virginia
Sir Richard Grenville: established a colony in Roanoke but didn't last

Jamestown

-Charter granted by London Company by James I
-first landed in 1607
-first governor was Lord De La Warr
-almost failed (-the starving time) but Capt. John Smith saved it

Headright System

-parcels of land consisting of about 50 acres which were given to colonists who brought indentured servants/families into America
-used by the Virginia Company to attract more colonists.

House of Burgesses

-delegates from different communities in Virginia
-first meeting of an elected legislature

John Rolfe

started growing growing and soon planters began moving closer to Native land

Maryland and the Calverts

-George Calvert wanted colony as
-son Cecilius Calvert got a huge charter for Pennsylvania, Delaware, Virginia, Maryland
-made brother Leonard Calvert governor
-befriended natives
-Catholics were a minority
-adopted religious toleration

Sir William Berkeley

Royal Governor of Virginia who favored large plantation owners and did not support or protect smaller farms

Bacon's Rebellion

-A rebellion lead by Nathaniel Bacon with backcountry farmers
-feared Native attacks
-led raids against Indians and burned Jamestown

Plymouth and the Mayflower

-in 1602 Puritans left England in the Mayflower and ended up in Cape Cod
-William Bradford: leader and called their settled region Plymouth
-Mayflower Compact: document that stated the Puritans would remain loyal to the king
-First Thanksgiving

The Massachusetts Bay Experiment

-King Charles gave the Puritans a right to settle and govern a colony in the Massachusetts Bay area
-The colony established political freedom and a representative government

Roger Williams

founded Rhode Island

Ann Hutchinson

A woman who believed that many of the clergy in the Puritan church were not of the elect

Pequot War

-conflict between settlers in the Connecticut Valley and Pequot Indians
-Captain John Mason set fire a Pequot stronghold which almost wiped out the tribe

King Philip's War

-deadliest encounter
Wampanoags under chief King Philip tried to resist the whites
Terrorized Massachusett towns and in 1676 the whites fought back with help from the Mohawks

Quakers

-William Penn
-rejected predestination
-pacifists

Borderlands

-settled in Caribbean/Bermuda
-discovered sugar
-unstabled society

James Oglethorpe

-member of Parliament who founded Georgia
-buffer state between Carolinas and Spanish Florida

Navigation Acts

-1660 closed colonies to all trade except for english trade
-1663 provided that all goods being shipped from Europe to the colonies had to pass through England and be taxed
-1673 imposed duties on trade among colonies
-Massachusetts defied the acts (Dominion of New England)

Glorious Revolution

-Mary and William Orange overtook the throne
-New England could take Sir Andros out of power and Jacob Leiser raised to power

Indentured Servant

person who gave 4-5 years of service in exchange for a passage to America, food, and shelter
-after their time was up most were left with nothing

New England Life Expectancy

-population quadrupled
-life expectancy was about 70 years due to cool climate, free of disease, clean water

Chesapeake Life Expectancy

-mortality rates were high
life expectancy was 40 years
-most infants died or didn't make it to 20
-due to malaria and poor water

Medicine in Colonial America

-death for mothers/babies was common
-Humoralism:belief that the body is made up of 4 humor and sickness is due to the imbalance of these humors

Women and Families in the Chesapeake

-married young
-had on average 8 children and 5 of which died during birth
-many orphans/widows

Women and Families in New England

-better family life
-children are more likely to survive
-relationships based on religion
-men have the power

The Beginning of Slavery

-high demand after decline of indentured servitude
- after the Royal African Company disbanded it became easier to get slaves
-white supremacy/slave codes

Southern Economy

-depended on tobacco
-cash crops
-less development of cities

Northern Economy

-Subsistence Farming
-Metal/Shipbuilding industries

Triangle Trade

-exchange between England, Africa, and America
-traded rum, slaves, sugar
-new merchant class in port cities

Plantation

-area of land the cultivated crops, not defined by the amount of slaves or the size of the land
-unstable source of income
-small farmers with little to no slave were the majority

The Puritan Community

-self governed
-inheritance shared evenly among all sons
-towns controlled by church and population
-men spent all day farming

The WItchcraft Phenom

-Salem MA
-mostly young girls and widowed/unmarried women
-showed the highly religious and paranoid character of society

The Great Awakening

-movement back to dependence on religion
-used fear and the devil
-popular among women and younger sons because it provided them more opportunities

The Enlightenment

-shift from religious independence to reasoning/science
-people should look to themselves not god for guidance

Salutary Neglect

-British gov loosened their hold after the Glorious Revolution
-limited enforcement of colonial laws
-increased Parliament control

Colonial Ties

-colonial governments were not like those of the British
-saw themselves as "mini parliaments"
-colonies were starting to become unified

New France

-fur trade
-Mississippi River Valley
-Laid claim from Great Lakes-Gulf and Nova Scotia-Rockies

The Iroquois Confederacy

-most powerful native American group
-5 nations in defensive alliance
-commercial relationship with the English and social with France

The Ohio River Valley

-most sought after land
-French and Indian War started

French and Indian War (first phase)

-conflict kept to America
-colonists fighting off raids
-British Gen. Braddock defeated and killed
-Colonial withdraw from the Western Frontier

Albany Plan

-Ben Franklin
-Loose colonial federation with "general government"
-Designed to help colonies fight in the French and Indian War
-Rejected by all colonial assemblies

French and Indian War (second phase)

-Conflict begins in Europe
-William Pitt takes charge
-Acadian Migration: British force French natives out of Nova Scotia

French and Indian War (third phase)

-British begin winning
-Pitt loosens policies and colonies unite
-all fighting stops with the Peace of paris

Peace of Paris

-ceding of French territory to Britain and to Spain
-Staggering British war debt
-resentment between colonies and Britain
-Colonies became unified
-Loss of Native American Power

Proclamation of 1763

-forbade settlement past the Appalachian mountains
-was unsuccessful: difficult to enforce and ignored by colonies

French and Indian War Aftermath

-British treasury is drained\=taxes
-salutary neglect ends
-King George III appoints George Grenville as prime minister

Sugar Act (Grenville)

end illegal trade with the West Indies and higher molasses duty

Currency Act (Grenville)

forbade colonial assemblies from issuing paper money

Mutiny/Quartering Act (Grenville)

colonists have to provide for the British army

Stamp Act (Grenville)

tax on all printed documents

Stamp Act Crisis

-first direct tax on colonists
-colonists didn't like and started to revolt

The Virginia Resolves

Patrick Henry's speech in House of Burgesses: state taxes are the only taxes, same rights as English, have representatives in Parliament

Stamp Act Congress

-October 1765 with nine colonies represented
-"Declaration of Rights and Grievances" to the king but still loyal

Sons of Liberty

-radical
-boycotting
-terrorizing the stamp agents and pro-british officials

Declaratory Act

-passed on the same day as the stamp act repeal
-gave parliament complete control over the colonies

The Townshend Program

-prime minister Charles Townshend
-disbanded NY assembly
-new duties on all goods

Boston Massacre

-Redcoats in Boston
-angry mob threw rocks at customs house and soldiers
-5 civilians died in gun fire
-Sons of Liberty used propaganda

Regulator Movement

-North Carolina farmers resisting tax collections by force
-Governor of North Carolina defeated Regulators with a militia
-6 leaders hanged for treason

Gaspée Incident

-British ship in Rhode Island
-Angry Rhode Island colonists went aboard and set the ship on fire (ship sank)

John Locke

-"social contract" in which government powers are derived from the consent of the governed
-people have natural rights to life, liberty and property

The Tea Act

-British East India Company given tax breaks to avoid Navigation Acts (monopoly)
-Colonists responded by boycotting tea

Boston Tea Party

150 patriots dressed as Native Americans, boarded tea ships and threw the tea into the harbor

Coercive Acts (Intolerable Acts)

-Closure of the port of Boston
-Reduction in colonial self-government
-Royal officers could be tried in England or America for crimes
-Further quartering of troops in Massachusetts

Quebec Act

make a government for the French Roman Catholics of british territory

First Continental Congress

-representatives from 12 colonies
-5 key points
1. Rejected a plan for colonial union
2. Statement of grievances for the king
3. Resolution to make military preparations 4. Boycotts
5. Adjourned and chose to meet again

Lexington and Concord

-British sent 1000 soldiers to Lexington and Concord
-Paul Revere and William Dawes rode out to warn people (Midnight Ride)
-Several dozen minute men wait for the british troops to arrive
-Shots fired (shot heard around the world)

The Second Continental Congress

-met in Philadelphia
-Olive Branch Petition
-King George III refused any requests by the colonists

Common Sense

-pamphlet by Thomas Paine
-most important source of propaganda because it made King George the sole enemy

The Declaration of Independence

-written at the second continental congress
-Thomas Jefferson
-colonies are sovereign and united

Tories

americans who remained loyal to the king (loyalists)

Articles of Confederation

-A weak constitution that governed America during the Revolutionary War
-states had most of the power

Continental Army

the American army during the American Revolution with George Washington as general