James Madison Notes & Matcher Quiz Study Guide (answer with definition & multiple choice)

What did James Madison look like physically?

Weak, frail, sickly, and skittish

Where did James Madison go to school?

Princeton

Madison is the “father” of what?

the Constitution

Did Madison consider himself as the father of the constitution?

No

What two people actually made more contributions at the constitutional convention than Madison?

James Wilson and Gouverneur Morris

What got James Madison the title of “The Father of the Consitution?”

his notes, his advocacy, and ultimately his willingness to create a “parchment barrier” in the form of Bill of Rights earned him his reputation

Did James Madison call for the Constitution WITH or WITHOUT a Bill of Rights originally?

Without

What did James Madison originally state about the Bill of Rights?

He claimed that the Bill of Rights was unnecessary, because the words on paper would be meaningless if the people did not know and advocate for their inalienable rights.

Did Madison eventually change his mind about the ratification of the Bill of Rights?

Yes

How many of the Bill of Rights amendments were ratified initially?

10

After the Bill of Rights was ratified, ___ and ___ joined the fledgling nation.

North Carolina & Rhode Island

What did Madison advocate for in the VA Resolution?

Interposition - the power of the states to prevent the federal government from enforcing a law they perceived to be unconstitutional.

Did Madison regret the VA Resolution?

Yes

What president appointed Madison as his Secretary of State?

Thomas Jefferson

When Madison refused to deliver a set of judicial appointments by John Adams, what case did this lead to?

Marbury V. Madison

What did Madison do in regards to the Louisiana Purchase as Secretary of State?

Madison supervised the negotiations between the US and Napoleon, and he convinced Jefferson that there was no need for concern

How did Madison manage the Embargo Act as Secretary of State?

Claimed that American trade restriction would hurt Europe, while American consumers could easily get by without the manufactured goods of England or France.

Who was James Madison’s wife? (Maiden name)

Dolly Payne

What is Dolly Madison famously known for?

Saving George Washington’s portrait from the burning whitehouse

What was one of Dolly Madison’s most important characteristic?

Using the Whitehouse to sway political opinions

What was the Non-Intercourse Act?

Madison pledged to reopen trade with every nation in the world, except England and France. He claimed that if they recognized the sovereignty of the US, then trade would be restored between the two nations.

The War of 1812 was mainly influenced by what event?

The attack on the USS Chesapeake by the HMS Leopard

What happened in the War of 1812?

The White House & Congress was burned down by English troops

How did the War of 1812 finish?

England ran out of funds to continue the war so they willingly ended it diplomatically

Who were Tenskwatawa and Tecumseh?

Native American brothers who created a “Pan-Indian” resistance to American settlers moving west

What tactic did Tenskwatawa use against American settlers?

Encouraged Native Americans to stop drinking alcohol, end their dependency on trade with Europeans, and return to the old way of life with Native Americans

What tactics did Tecumseh use against American settlers?

Organized military resistance against American transgressions

How did the War of 1812 impact Native American tribes?

They were forced out of their land and were dispossessed their sovereignty.

“The War Hawks”

The War of 1812 made way for this group to directly target Native Americans and force them out of their land.

What was the Treaty of Ghent?

A “no fault no cost” treaty that agreed to restore relations between the US and Britain. No land or money was exchanged because neither side accepted any blame or responsibility for the war.

Why did the Battle of New Orleans take place?

News spread slowly, so the American army led by Andrew Jackson was not aware of the Treaty of Ghent before attacking British troops.

Why was the Battle of New Orleans considered the point of American victory in the war?

It was the last major engagement of the war, and American troops crushed the British

How did the Embargo Act affect the American economy?

All of these options are true

What region was the Federalist party the most popular?

New England

What was the Hartford Convention?

New England Federalists gathered in Hartford to discuss strategies. Many of them apposed “Mr. Madison’s War” and wanted to restore trade with England as quickly as possible. The group went so far as to suggest secession from the Union would allow for trade with the English.

How was the Federalist party viewed by the end of The War of 1812?

unpatriotic and disloyal

The Federalist Party was done for and was thrown away once the War of 1812 had ended.

True

Did Hamilton support the idea of a National Bank?

Yes

Did Democratic-Republicans or Federalists oppose the National Bank?

Democratic-Republicans

What did Jefferson and Madison think of the National Bank?

a tool of aristocracy: an institution which would invest and use public money (taxpayer funds) for private investments.

What party was devoted to the agrarian economy?

Democratic-Republicans

In the end, Hamilton’s plans for a national bank had terrific ___

merit

The resources of the National Bank could be used to help what?

Farmers and industrialists

What did Albert Gallatin do?

insisted that Madison should promote a new and more vigorous national bank

Who was Albert Gallatin?

A Democratic-Republican who didn’t oppose the national bank because he knew how it actually worked and what promises it held

What president abandoned the BUS (national bank)?

Andrew Jackson

How did Andrew Jackson abandoning the BUS (national bank) affect the economy?

Sparked the Panic of 1837 and caused widespread economic malaise

James Madison’s Administration was in many ways a precursor to the policies of ___

Henry Clay

the leader of the Whig Party from the 1820s to the 1850s

Henry Clay

Clay’s “American System” promoted:

All of these options represent what Clay's "American System" promoted

Who invented the cotton gin?

Eli Whitney

What plant was introduced in the early 1800s that increased productivity?

short staple cotton

What land opened for plantation owners after Native Americans had been dispossessed of it?

Old Southwest

What areas/nations demanded cotton from the South?

All of these options

How was slavery affected during Madison’s presidency?

It grew and expanded due to “King Cotton". It became a large, booming business.

What is another common description/nickname for the War of 1812?

Second American War for Independence

What was the War of 1812 also about (besides the conflict with Britain)?

Dispossessing Native Americans from their land in the South & West

What laborious work were slaves forced to do when they were sent from the North to the South?

clearing pine forests and brush to access the fertile soil (to plant cotton)

Although he is often called The Father of the Constitution, James Madison’s plan for proportional representation in the new constitution’s legislature was thrown out almost immediately by the Founding Fathers in Philadelphia. The Great Compromise replaced it.

The VA plan

In perhaps the greatest upset in the history of romance, the slight-of-frame Madison won the hand of this woman - the most eligible bachelorette in Washington, D.C. - in marriage in 1794. He was seventeen years older than she was, and she adored her “Little Madison.”

Dolly Madison

Although he considered them only a “parchment barrier” and encouraged the acceptance of the Constitution without amendments, James Madison proposed this in 1789 and worked feverishly for its passage until he earned their ratification in 1791.

Bill of Rights

Along with Alexander Hamilton and John Jay, Madison scribed dozens of these letters, explaining how the Constitution worked and encouraging its ratification in 1788.

The Federalist Papers

Although he and Thomas Jefferson had previously opposed this institution as a tool of the aristocracy which served only elite and wealthy men, Madison would eventually be convinced of its usefulness by Albert Gallatin, who better understood the power of finance to serve the public interests.

National bank

In response to John Adams' obviously unconstitutional Alien and Sedition Acts, James Madison wrote this response, which encouraged the states to engage in interposition - in order to protect the rights of their citizens from the overreach of the federal government.

VA Resolution

This was the case in which Chief Justice John Marshall asserted the right of judicial review for the SCOTUS, making the Supreme Court a third, co-equal branch of the government. Prior to this, the Supreme Court was little more than a creation of the Congress.

Marbury V. Madison

This was the most important accomplishment of James Madison’s tenure as Secretary of State for Thomas Jefferson. He convinced Jefferson that the act was not unconstitutional - it was more like a treaty that would be sent to the Senate for approval - than a purchase.

Louisiana Purchase

During the War of 1812, this future President won fame by organizing the defense of New Orleans and thrashing the British in January of 1815. Prior to this campaign, he had used brutal, murderous tactics to dispossess Native Americans near Horseshoe Bend in Alabama.

Andrew Jackson

This future President served as James Madison’s Secretary of State and Secretary of War - at the same time. He is the only person to hold down both offices simultaneously.

James Monroe

This was the least successful policy initiative of Jefferson and Madison while they were directing American foreign policy. Both men believed that European powers were so dependent upon American foodstuffs that they would be forced to respect the sovereignty of American shipping. Instead, the English and the French simply found other markets and New England merchants suffered the consequences.

Embargo Act

This treaty ended the War of 1812 - or attempted to anyway. The English were willing to negotiate with the Americans largely because they had fallen into debt, once again. At the start of the war, the English were defending their own nation from the threat posed by Napoleon’s armies and fighting the Americans abroad. Americans were willing to negotiate because the war wasn’t going so well - Washington, D.C. had been burned to ashes by 1814.

Treaty of Ghent

Also known as “The Prophet,” this spiritual leader organized a Pan-Indian movement in the early 19th Century to resist the encroachments of American settlers in the Ohio River Valley. He called on Native Americans to stop drinking alcohol and to restore traditional religious faiths, among other things. He and his followers were attacked by Gen. William Henry Harrison at Tippecanoe in 1811.

Tenskwatawa

Thomas Jefferson and James Madison were the co-founders of this political party in the late 19th Century - promoting agrarian interests idealizing the citizen-farmer. In the 1850s, a completely different political party took on the same game. This party was opposed to the institution of slavery and would eventually find success under the leadership of President Abraham Lincoln.

Democratic-Republican

In 1814 - 1815, a group of Federalists met here in order to express their opposition to the War of 1812 - which they derisively called “Mr. Madison’s War.” These leaders opposed the continuation of the war because (a) Americans were not winning victories against our British rivals and (b) the embargo against trade with England was destroying the New England economy. The group threatened to sign a separate peace treaty with England, and even discussed secession. When the war came to an end with the Treaty of Ghent and was punctuated by a dramatic victory at the Battle of New Orleans, the group appeared to be both unpatriotic and disloyal.

Hartford Convention

He was the military leader of the Pan-Indian movement put into motion by his brother, Tenskwatawa. He allied himself and his followers with the British during the War of 1812. During the Battle of the Thames in Canada, he was killed by the United States Army.

Tecumseh

This city was burned to the ground in 1814 by the British Army. They had already reduced both the White House and the Capitol Building to ashes when a powerful set of storms - perhaps caused by a hurricane and perhaps including a tornado - rolled through the city - dispersing the soldiers.

Washington DC

The War of 1812 was derisively called this by Federalists who opposed it and hoped to blame the President for the failures of the United States military.

“Mr. Madison’s War”

This policy was a slight change to Jefferson’s Embargo of 1807 - opening up trade to most nations in the world, but still preventing the US from engaging in commercial activities with England and France - who were the American’s two most important trade partners.

Non Intercourse Act

During the War of 1812, cotton exports were not allowed to England or to France. As a result, Americans began to open these throughout New England - to produce the cotton cloth necessary for clothing and other consumer goods in the country. After the War of 1812, demand for cotton skyrocketed and prices rose dramatically - and both demand and prices would stay at high levels from the next several decades!

Textile mills

Demand for this product rose and never came down again in the middle 19th Century, due to demands for it in both domestic and international markets.

“King Cotton”