What is media industries?

create and distribute content

What is Intellectual property:

is a category of property that includes intangible creations of the human intellect. The best-known types are patents, copyrights, trademarks, and trade secrets.

How is media “non-utilitarian”?

(non-utility) Media is not a necessity such as food and water. Media is designed to be decoration instead of necessary, but as of recent some could consider news or weather app necessary.

What do Content creator do?

• Creates Content 

• EX: Alex Earle 

What do Content distributor do?

• Distributes content rather than creates it

• EX: Tubi

What is the difference between content creator and content distributor?

• The difference between the two being that that one is formatted to produce content while the other is used to distribute it to audiences. Though there are companies such as Netflix and Youtube who have crosses into both areas of being both creators (EX: Netflix originals) but still distribute other content (EX: distribute other movies that are produced by Netflix themselves)

What is Mass Media?

• Information designated for large undifferentiated audiences 

• EX: CBS, NBC, ABC ( all pretty much mirror each other, you wake up and see the morning news from your local news) ( broadcast, has something for everyone)

What is Niche Media

• Targets narrow, specific audiences ( specific content) 

• EX: Nickelodeon (just for kids)

What is the The Public Sphere?

•  a unique space for public debate 

• Should media be free governmental or corporate control?

• Would this lack of control alow the public sphere to function more effectively?

What is Agency?

•  autonomy or independence

• How much freedom do journalist or televisions writers have?

What are the Three principles of Agency?

• Circonscribed Agency: Those in media industries have come independence, but it's limited due to their corporate cultures and superiors 

• ideological uncertainty: Media May try to control the ideological content of their information, but it’s nearly impossible to know the impact it twill have on society.

• Cultures of production: Media producers are often isolated from audiences

What is Analog vs Digital:

Analog and digital signals are the types of signals carrying information. The major difference between both signals is that the analog signals have continuous electrical signals, while digital signals have non-continuous electrical signals. (Temperature sensors, FM radio signals, Photocells, Light sensor, Resistive touch screen are examples of Analog signals. Computers, CDs, DVDs are some examples of Digital signal) Analog- vinyl

What is Domestic vs Global?

Global media includes all forms of mass communication that reach every corner across the globe - television, newspapers, radio, and social media (Facebook, YouTube, Twitter, etc.). Domestic media is relative to your area.

What is Mass Production?

• Post World War II, Think Manufacturing; auto industry, 

• Early TV and Music were mass produced, too

What is Mass Customization?

•  Large quantities produced for more specific audiences 

• “ Niche” audiences 

• Tailored to local marketing conditions 

• Think of Music in the “ iTunes era” and specific Magazines.

• Songs as opposed to albums 

What is “Just-in-Time” production and “distribution windows”?

the effort to produce goods as close as possible in time to the moment they are purchased. Distribution windows are evidence so that consumers can access the newest films , television programs, and games through a range of different platforms at the same time- or nearly the same time.

In the different levels of Industrialization of culture framework what is the meaning of the culture level?

( could be the actual content or the social practices/ content of the content creators)

In the different levels of Industrialization of culture framework what is the meaning of the SOCIAL TRENDS?

Taste and Traditions 

1. What are the popular genres of music, movies, TV, games in the U.S.

• - hallmark...family stuff not drugs. Social Trends what's popular. Conditions .. regulations and technology the company has to live with at the time.

n the different levels of Industrialization of culture framework what is the meaning of the the third level?

Mandates: What is the organization's foremost goal? Its reason for operating?

• Commercial mandates: to earn profits

• Either selling directly to consumer or advertiser supported

What is Commercial Mandates?

are strictly for profit

What are Non commercial mandates

value something other than profits. Most media falls under commercial, with the exception of some non-commercial such as PBS channel to teach kids.

What is a Conglomerates?

a major media company that owns many other media companies that do different things

What is Consolidations?

small group of companies increasing control in mass enterprise media media

What is Sunk cost?

• Money spent on budget ( or over budget) before producers find out if media will be successful 

What do Economists refer to media as "public goods"

These goods can be re-used; not destroyed after being consumed

• Your enjoyment of a television show does not stop another person from enjoying it

What is Artificial Scarcity?

• Media as a “scarce” resource.

• Movies open in big cities before coming to smaller ones

• Media available on just one platform before streaming on several more

• Consumers Will pay more for something that is not always available  

What is Bundling?

• Packages of entertainment” sometimes radically different entertainment 

• Songs on an album 

• TV shows on a cable channel

• Channels on a cable system Bundling used to make sense in the 80s and 90s. What changed? Has it changed?

What is Vertical?

• industries purchasing companies responsible for a product’s manufacturer and distribution

What is Horizontal?

• industries buying companies at the same value level- those that do the same thing 

What is Formatting?

• when companies emphasize media features that have succeeded in the past. Can include…

• Known talent- Media stick with similar faces 

Known talent—Media stick with familiar faces

Known products—familiar brands (why spin-offs & sequels are so popular)

Known Formats- Media tend to reproduce general, already-existing forms

Use these formats to ensure a good response from audience an maximize profits.

What is digital divide?

the gap between those who have access to high speed broadband internet and those who don't.

What are the 3 questions one should ask when determine the difference between a commercial mandate and a non-commercial mandate?

1. Who pays for media?

2. Whom does th media serve? ( Answer the public ot the leading government)

3. What determines media “success”? ( Answer: we do the audiences ability yo watch the movie, show, or whatever it may be )

According to Havens and Lotz, who pays for a commercial mandate? 

You/we the consumers do, we buy the advertised product at inflated prices

What is Dual-product markets?

Dual-product market- two items are being sold in this market

• The media products ( TV shows, Newspaper, magazine, etc.)

• And the buyers ( You, the viewer, are being sold to advertisers )

1. According to Havens and Lotz, what is the ideal demographic advertisers seek out in commercial media?

18-35 years old, college educated, at least $75,000 income, those with more disposable income

What is Mixed mandate?

•  public mandate remains but commercial mandate has developed alongside it.

What is DIY Mandate?

•  paid for through donations

what is government mandate?

•  created to serve needs of government in place. Government mandate means censored by panel = control by government.

Why was radio in the U.S. eventually granted a commercial mandate, as opposed to a public (non-commercial) one?

The US saw it as a great tool, but too many groups were competing for its use

What is sponsorship model” of broadcasting?

Gradually incorporating subtle advertising messages into content.

What is Subtle advertising in the sponsership model?

• coke machine in back of Breaking bad

What is Hard sell advertising in the sponsership model?

• full blown ad in middle of YouTube video

What are regulations?

• Laws, guidelines, and policies that govern how media industries

• Produce

• Distribute 

• And exhibit products 

• Ex: Regulations on age ranges on video games, movies, shows, etc

What 3 questions  must we ask to gain a deeper understanding of media regulations?

• Who regulates?

• What is regulated?

• How do regulations effect the products of media industries?

What is the “Paramount decree”?

•  Supreme Court's decision changes the way the film industry does business

• Film studio would control where and when movies were shown; forced independent theaters to show less quality movies in order to be able to show Blockbuster movies (black booking).

How do state or national governments set up regulations?  Through governmental bodies like the FCC?

 Governmental bodies regulate "content" and "structure"

• Most media can operate relatively free of strict government regulations

Why are broadcast radio and TV regulated more harshly than cable, satellite, or streaming services?

They are on public airwaves; companies borrow space on the spectrum from FCC; in return they have to serve the public interest.

How does the FCC respond to complaints?  Who gets punished by the FCC?

The FCC only responds to complaints if many consumer complains an their complain is appropriate; the affiliates get punished by the FCC

What does the FTC (Federal Trade Commission) regulate?

regulates aspects of the internet and the advertising industry

What is self - regulations?

is the setting of rules for the media and oversight of compliance with those rules by media organizations or by users.

What is informal self-regulation

• -imposed narrowing of the universe of possible goods.

What is formal self regulation?

•  self - imposed rules limiting or categorizing content

What does copyright law protect?

 protects intangible, original property (music, poetry, books, video).

What is fair use?

• An exception to copyright

• Limited use of copyrighted material, as long as it's for...

• Teaching, Research, Criticism/Commentary, News Reporting, and Parodies

• EX: Artist that has made his career based off of petting other people songs, his name is “WEIRD AL” Yankovic

What is Public Domain

original creator no longer has rights to material

What is the “Creative Commons” movement?

some artists give up a bit of their copyrights in order to let other artists transform their original works.

What are station groups?

where groups of nearby radio stations have the same ownership.

What is Duopolies?

wing two similar types of media in the same market (such as two local TV stations)

What is a Natural Monopoly?

One company dominates a market because competition would be "inefficient"

What is cross ownership?

The ability of one owner to purchase multiple companies in different media industries

What is Antitrust laws?

designed to boost competition by forbidding monopolies and similar concentrations of business ownership, as well as practices such as price fixing that are associated with them.