Unit 10 + 60-61 AP Psych

Free association

In cycle analysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind no matter how trivial or embarrassing

Psychoanalysis

for theory of personality, that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts, the techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions

Unconscious

According forward, a reservoir, mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, memories, according to contemporary psychologist, information processing of which we are unaware

Id

A reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that occurred to Freud strives to satisfied, basic sexual and aggressive desires. The id operates on the pleasure principle gratification.

Application: Hungry so get food now

Ego

The largely conscious, executive part of personality that according to Freud, mediates among the demands of the ID, super ego, in reality. The ego operates on the reality principle satisfying the ideas, desire, and ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain.

Application: Hungry so we need to eat food

Superego

The part of personality that, a coin, Freud, represents internalized ideals, and provides standards for judgment in, the conscience, and for future aspirations.

Application: Hungry so lets drive home to eat

Oedipus Complex

according to Freud, a boy, sexual desire towards his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father

Identification

The process by which, according to Freud, children incorporate, their parents values into their developing super egos

Fixation

According to Freud, a lingering focus of pleasure seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were unresolved.

Defense mechanisms

In psychoanalytic theory, the Eagles protective methods of reducing anxiety when consciously destroying reality

Repression

in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from unconscious, anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories

Application: sulking into your mother when in a crowd

Regression

Retreating, two more infantile psychosexual stage, or some psychic energy remains fixated

Application: A little boy revert to the oral comfort of sucking, thumbs in the car on the way to his first day of school

Reaction formation

Switching unacceptable impulses into their opposite

Application: Pressing angry feelings, a person displayed exaggerated friendliness

Projection

Disguising one’s own threatening impulses by attributing them to other

Application: The thief thinks everyone else is a thief

Rationalization

Offering self justifying explanations in place of the real, more threatening unconscious reasons for one’s action

Application: A habitual drinker says she drinks with her friends to be social

Displacement

Shifting sexual aggressive impulses toward the more acceptable or less threatening object or person

Application: a little girl kicked the family dog after her mother sent her to her room

Sublimation

Transferring of unacceptable impulses into socially valued motives

Application: a man with aggressive urges becomes a surgeon

Denial

Refusing to believe were even perceived painful realities

Application: a partner device evidence of his loved ones affair

Psychodynamic theories

Modern day approaches that view personality with a focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences

Collective Unconscious

Carl Jung’s concept of a shared, inherited reservoir of memories traced from our species history

Projective Tests

A personality test, such as the RORSCHACH, that provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of one’s inner dynamics

Thematic Apperception Test

Also known as tat, a projective test in which people expressed their feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes

Application if you see a sad woman, you must be sad inside

RORSCHACH inkblot test

The most widely used projective test, a set of 10 ink plots designed by Herman Roche seeks to identify peoples inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of ink lots

False Consensus Effect

The tendency to Overestimate the extent which other share are beliefs in our values

Application: happy people tend to see happiness and kindness, and other people

Terror-Management Theory

A theory of death – related anxiety; explores people‘s emotional behavioral responses to reminders of their impending death

Application: by writing a short essay on dying death, anxiety increases concept for other others and esteem for oneself

Humanistic Theories

View personality with a focus on the potential for healthy personal growth

Self-Actualization

According to Maslow, one of the ultimate psychological needs that arise after basic principle and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved; the motivation To fulfill one’s potential

Unconditional positive regard

According to Rogers, an attitude of total acceptance towards another person

Self-Concept

All our thoughts and feelings about herself and answer to the question who am I?

Trait

A characteristic pattern of behavior were disposition to feel and act, as assessed by self report inventory and peer report

Personality inventory

A questionnaire with true or false or agreed disagree items which people respond items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors; used to assess selected personality traits

Application: 16 personalities test

Minnesota multiphasic personality inventory

Also known as, MMPI, it was widely research and clinically use of all the personality tests. Originally developed to identify motion disorders. This test is nice for any purposes, still considered to be the most appropriate use for identifying emotional disorders.

Empirically Derived Test

A test developed by testing a pool of items and then selecting those at discriminate between group groups

Application: such as the MMPI

Big 5 Personalities

Conceitedness, agreeableness, neuroticism, openness, extroversion

Social cognitive perspective

View behaviors, influenced by the interaction between people’s traits and their social context

Behavioral approach

In personality theory, this perspective focuses on the effects of learning on a personality development

Reciprocal Determinism

The interacting influences of behavior, internal cognition, and the environment

Self

In contemporary psychology, assumed to be the center of personality, the organizer of our thoughts, feelings, and action

Spotlight Effect

Overestimating others, noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance and blenders, as if we presume a spotlight shine on us

Self Esteem

One’s feelings of higher low self-worth

Self Efficacy

When sense of competence and effectiveness

Self serving bias

Uranus to perceive oneself favorably

Narcissism

Excessive self-love and self absorption

Individualism

Giving priority to one zone goals over group, goals, and defining ones identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identification

Collectivism

Giving priority to the goals of women’s group and a funny ones identity accordingly

Application: extended family or work group

Intelligence

Mental quality consisting of the ability to learn from experience, self problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations

Intelligence Test

Method for assessing individuals, mental aptitudes And comparing them with those other others using a numerical score

Application: having to take tests in high school, and that said numerical score dictating your future, college acceptances and determining self worth

General Intelligence

A general intelligence factor that, according to spear men and others, underlying specific mental abilities, and is therefore measured by every task on a intelligence test

Factor Analysis

A statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items, called factors, on a test; used to identify different dimensions of performance that underlie a person’s total score.

Savant Syndrome

A condition in which a person otherwise limited mental ability is exceptional, specific skill, such as computation or drawing

GRIT

In psychology, there is passion and perseverance, in the pursuit of long-term goals

Emotional Intelligence

The ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions

Mental Age

A measure of intelligence test performance devised by beignet; the chronological age that most typically corresponds to a given level performance. Thus, childhood as well as the average eight-year-old kid of a mental age of eight.

Stanford-Binet

Widely used American revision of beignets, original intelligence test

Intelligence Quotient

IQ, to find originally as the ratio of mental age to the chronological age multiplied by 100. On contemporary intelligence test, the average performance for a given Age is assigned to score of 100 scores assigned a relative performance above or below average

Achievement Test

A test design assess with a person has learned

Aptitude Test

A test is designed to predict a persons future performance; aptitude is the capacity to learn

Application: a career aptitude test in High school to predict your future career

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale

WAIS is most widely used intelligence test, contains a verbal and performance sub tests

Standardization

Defining uniform, testing procedures and meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a pretested group

Application: the normal curve for an SAT or benchmark test testing

Normal curve

The symmetrical, bell shaped curve that describes the distribution of many physical and psychological attributes. Most scores fall near the average of fewer and fewer scores line near either extreme.

Application: going back to the big five personalities where most people fall on an average of each one of the big five and less are on the extreme end

Reliability

The extent to which test yields consistent results, as assessed by the consistency of scores on 2/2 of the test, on alternate forms of the test, or on retesting

Validity

The extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to

Content Validity

The extent to which attest samples, the behavior that is of interest

Predictive Validity

The success with which a test predicts the behavior is designed to predict; it is assessed by computing the correlation between test scores and the criterion behavior