a&p final exam2

cephalic

phase of gastric activity that involves the vagus never stimulating gastric secretion before food is even swallowed

gastric

phase of gastric activity that involves the activation of myenteric and vagovagal reflexes; histamine and gastrin are secreted to stimulate acid and enzyme secretion

intestinal

phase of gastric activity that involves sympathetic nerve fibers suppressing gastric activity, while parasympathetic stimulation of the stomach is now inhibited

stretching the stomach, raising pH

the two ways that ingested food stimulated gastric activity

inhibits

excessive acidity _____________ the release of gastrin

chief

pepsinogen is secreted by _________ cells during the gastric phase

parietal

HCl is secreted by ____________ cells during the gastric phase

gastroenteric

reflex that stimulated motility and secretion along the entire small intestine

gastroileal

reflex that triggers the opening of the ileocecal valve, allowing materials to pass from the small intestine into the large intestine

gastrocolic

reflex that promotes increased colon motility to act as a stimulus for mass movements (peristalsis)

duodenum

the intestinal phase of gastric activity occurs when chyme enters the ____________

secretin, CCK

chyme stimulates duodenal enteroendocrine cells to secrete ____________ and _____________ which stops the pyloric sphincter from adding too much chyme into the duodenum

parasympathetic

loss of appetite or depression inhibit the cephalic phase which causes a decrease in ___________________ activity

gastrin

rising pH and food chemicals like caffeine activate chemoreceptors in the stomach that cause the release of ___________ to the blood

myenteric

the short reflex of the gastric phase is mediated through the _____________ plexus

vagus nerves, brain stem

the long reflex of the gastric phase is mediated through ____________ and ______________

cholecystokinin (CCK)

hormone that is stimulated by proteins and fats in chyme, travels through the blood to the liver and gall bladder

secretin

hormone that is stimulated by acidic chyme, travels to the pancreas

insulin

the pancreas secretes ______________ to promote nutrient uptake by cells/nutrient storage

glucagon

the pancreas secretes _______________ to promote nutrient release from storage

alpha

in the pancreas, ______ cells secrete glucagon

beta

in the pancreas, _______ cells secrete insulin

insulin

when blood glucose levels increase, ____________ is secreted to decrease it

posterior

the kidneys are attached to the _____________ body wall, meaning they are retroperitoneal and nor protected by the rib cage

perineal

the kidneys have ____________ fat which is adipose tissue that functions in shock absorbance and cushioning

fascia

dense connective tissue that holds kidneys in place

artery

the renal __________ brings blood into the kidney to be filtered

pyramids

fluid passes through renal ____________ to be modified

sympathetic

most renal nerve fibers are associated with the _______________ division

blood flow

renal nerves adjust the rate of urine formation by changing ___________________

urothelium

the renal pelvis, ureters, and urinary bladder are lined by transitional epithelium called ________________ that protects it from the acidic urine

detrusor

the urinary bladder contains a layer of smooth muscle called the ___________ muscle

shorter

females have a ___________ urethra, which puts them at a higher risk for UTIs

contract

an increase in parasympathetic activity causes the detrusor to ________________, which opens the internal urethral sphincter

somatic

a decrease in _____________ motor nerve activity causes the external urethral sphincter to open

relaxed

the detrusor is _____________ and the sphincters are closed when urine is being stored

afferent

the first step of the involuntary micturition reflex is the stretch receptors detecting filling of bladder, they transmit ______________ signals to the spinal cord

cerebrum

if it is untimely to urinate, signals from the _____________ excite spinal interneurons that keep the external urethral sphincter contracted and urine contained in the bladder

stretch

for voluntary control, micturition center in pons receives signals from _____________ receptors

pelvic nerve

efferent signals in the spinal cord travel back to the bladder by way of motor fibers in the _________________ and a parasympathetic ganglion in the bladder wall

glomerular filtration

the first step of urine formation that involves creating a plasma-like filtrate of the blood that has almost no proteins

cortical

nephrons that are associated with peritubular capillaries, make up 85% of nephrons

efferent

blood leaves the glomerulus by way of an ______________ arteriole

peritubular capillaries

the efferent arteriole usually leads to a plexus of _______________________ that form a network around the renal tubule

renal tubule

structure of the nephron that reabsorbs most of the water and solutes that filter out of the blood at the glomerulus and returns it to the bloodstream

renal tubules

structure of the nephron that converts the filtrate to urine

vasa recta

network of vessels that supplies blood to the renal medulla

podocytes

cells that can be found in the visceral layer of the glomerulus, wrapped around the capillaries

larger

the afferent arteriole is significantly __________ than the efferent arteriole which causes higher hydrostatic pressure in glomeruli than other capillaries

mesangial

cells of the glomerulus that prevent clogging of the filtration membrane; they physically support the capillaries and phagocytize tissue debris

pyramid

the renal tubule is a duct that leads away from the glomerular capsule and ends at the tip of a medullary ____________

proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)

the longest region of the renal tubule that es made up of simple cuboidal epithelium with prominent microvilli for absorption

thick

the _______ segments of the nephron loop have simple cuboidal epithelium that make it impermeable to water and solutes

thin

the ______ segment of the nephron loop has simple squamous epithelium so that they are more permeable to water; mainly found in the descending limb

distal convoluted tubule (DCT)

region of the nephron that begins shortly after the ascending limb reenters the cortex, has cuboidal epithelium that has no microvilli

collecting ducts

DCTs of multiple nephrons empty into __________________ that merge to form a papillary duct

minor calyx

urine drains from pores near the papilla into the ______________

nephron loop

structure of the nephron that is responsible for maintaining an osmotic gradient in the medulla that helps the body conserve water

renin

kidneys secrete the hormone ___________ in response to falling blood pressure

capsular

at the renal corpuscle, fluids and small solutes are moved from the blood into the ______________ space

urine

fluid is considered to be ________ once it enters the collecting duct

fenestrations

endothelial cells of the glomerular capillaries have _________________ that make them highly permeable, but are small enough to exults RBCs

basement membrane

layer of the filtration membrane that mainly filters by size; like trying to grind sand through a kitchen sponge

fenestration slits

pedicels of podocytes have ________________ that act as an additional obstacle for large anions

smaller

molecules like water, electrolytes, glucose, fatty acid, amino acids, nitrogenous wastes, and vitamins are ______________ than 3 nm and can pass freely through the filtration membrane

osmosis

in most blood capillaries, the BHP drops low enough at the venous end that _____________ overrides filtration and the capillaries reabsorb fluid

blood pressure (BP)

the only way to adjust GFR from moment to moment is to change glomerular ___________________

autoregulation

renal ___________________ helps to ensure stable fluid and electrolyte balance, does not require any external nervous or hormonal control

myogenic

mechanism of autoregulation that involves contracting and relaxing smooth muscle in response to a change in BP

relaxes

when blood pressure falls, the afferent arteriole ____________ and allows blood to flow more easily into the glomerulus

tubuloglomerular

feedback mechanism of autoregulation that is based on the composition of tubular fluid

juxtaglomerular apparatus

structure of the nephron that is found at the end of the nephron loop and contacts the afferent and efferent arterioles at the vascular pole of the renal corpuscle; involved in tubuloglomerular feedback

macula densa

patch of closely spaced sensory cells on one side of the nephron loop that absorb solutes and secrete ATP from their basal surfaces

mesangial

cells of the nephron that pack the spaces between the arterioles and within the glomerulus, they metabolize ATP to adenosine

granular

smooth muscle cells of the nephron that wrap around the arterioles and respond to a rising adenosine level to constrict

reduced

when granular cells constrict, blood flow into the glomerulus is reduced and GFR is ______________

granular

renin is secreted by _______________ cells to restore blood pressure and support blood volume

threshold

the renal _______________ is the plasma concentration at which a specific substance or ion begins to appear in urine

Na

PCT uses ATP to establish _____ concentration gradient that is used in secondary active transport

higher

water moves to where there is a _________ total solute concentration; the movement of water affects the movement of other solutes

transcellular

route of reabsorption that involves transport across the apical membrane and diffusion through the cytosol

paracellular

route of reabsorption that involves movement through leaky tight junctions, particularly in the PCT

positive

countercurrent multiplier is more efficient than exchange because of a _____________ feedback cycle that multiplies the effect

higher

when solutes are more concentrated, transport proteins have a __________ chance of binding solutes

descending limb

the higher the osmolarity of the ECF, the more water leaves the ___________________ via osmosis

saltier

the more water that leaves the descending limb during countercurrent multiplier, the ___________ the fluid is that remains in the tubule

opposite

the direction of blood flow through the vasa recta is _____________ of filtrate flow, this maintains the gradient by taking away reabsorbed water and solutes

proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)

between 60-70% of the filtrate volume is absorbed in the __________________

active

the solute concentration of the tubular fluid can be adjusted through ___________ transport

aldosterone

sodium ions are reabsorbed in exchange for potassium ions when these ion pumps are stimulated by _______________

urea

the permeability characteristics of the loop and collecting duct tend to concentrate ________ in tubular fluid and in the medulla

impermeable

the nephron loop, DCT, and collecting duct are ________________ to urea; so as water reabsorption occurs, the urea concentration increases

increases

when one is dehydrated, solute concentration ______________, causing water to move out of cells and into the blood

decrease

high blood pressure causes a _____________ in ADH which means less water returns to the blood and more water is lost in the urine

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

hormone that promotes water reabsorption by causing cells to put more aquaporins in their apical membrane

hypothalamus

osmoreceptors in the _______________ detect increased osmotic pressure

posterior pituitary

ADH is secreted from the _______________ gland

increase

dehydration causes an ____________ is blood osmolarity

epididymis

structure of the testes where sperm matures and where it expels from during ejaculation

testis

site of sperm production