APP Social Psychology Vocab 2

Modules 77-80

discrimination

unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group or its members

conflict

a perceived incompatibility of actions, words, or ideas

ethnocentrism

in-group bias as applied to one's ethnic group

mirror-image perceptions

mutual views often held by conflicting people, as when each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful and views the other side as evil and aggressive

prejudice

an unjustifiable (and usually negative) attitude toward a group and its members; generally involves stereotyped beliefs, negative feelings, and a predisposition to discriminatory actions

stereotype

a generalized (sometimes accurate but often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people

ingroup

"us" --people with whom one shares a common identity

outgroup

"them" --those perceived as different or apart from one's ingroup

ingroup bias

the tendency to favor one's own group

scapegoat theory

the theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame

just-world phenomenon

the tendency of people to believe the world in just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get

aggression

any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy

frustration-aggression principle

the principle that frustration—the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal—creates anger, which can generate aggression

social trap

a situation in which the conflicting parties, by each rationally pursuing their self-interest, become caught in mutually destructive behavior

mere exposure effect

the phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them

passionate love

an aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship

companionate love

the deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined

equity

a condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it

self-disclosure

revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others

altruism

unselfish regard for the welfare of others

bystander effect

the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present

diffusion of responsibility

reduction in sense of responsibility often felt by individuals in a group; may be responsible for the bystander effect

social exchange theory

the theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs

reciprocity norm

an expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them

social-responsibility norm

an expectation that people will help those dependent upon them (young children and the elderly)

superordinate goals

shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation

outgroup homogeneity bias

one's perception of out-group members as more similar to one another than are in-group members

other-race effect

the tendency to recall faces of one's own race more accurately than faces of other races

social script

culturally modeled guide for how to act in various situations