A&P 1 Final Exam

Which of the following statements regarding healing that occurs after skin is damaged is/are TRUE?

stem cells migrate into the area
exaggerated meiosis occurs in the area
squamous cells deposit collagen fibers in the area.
all of these
none of these

stem cells migrate into the area

Which of the following pairs of terms pertaining to autonomic nervous system is mismatched?

Cholinergic neurons - acetylcholine
Muscarinic receptors - G-proteins
Adrenergic neurons - norepinephrine
Nicotinic receptors - excitatory/Na+ channels
none of these

none of these

when you try to focus your sight on something very close to your face.....

called accommodation. lens has to be thickened basically lowering the tension on the suspensory ligaments. going to contract the ciliary muscles causing the ciliary body to move towards the lens and decrease the tension

which of the following is (are) associated with the retina? (3 neuronal layers)

photoreceptors: light has to travel through rest of the layers of the retina to the deepest part where the photoreceptors are located. light strikes these causing cells to hyperpolarize
bipolar layer: middle layer
ganglionic layer: most superficial layer of retina

Rods, a type of photoreceptor cell, respond to light (stimulus) by...

depolarizing
repolarizing
hypopolarizing
hyperpolarizing
none of these

hyperpolarizing

If a patient shows up at the doctor's office with an inner ear infection, what symptoms might you expect to find?

-Inner ear encased in the bone of the cranium
-Can have a viral infection affecting the cells that line the semicircular canals
o Inner ear infection might lead to vertigo and dizziness
-Inner ear infection of the cochlea
o Could damage the little hair cells responsible for hearing and could lead to deafness

The malleus, incus, and stapes...

Part of the middle ear and are auditory ossicles

Hearing is essentially the transmission of...

What we are perceiving as sound is actually compression waves or vibration waves that move through some substance

Arrange the following in correct sequence: (1) the tympanic membrane vibrates (2) fluid and membranes in the cochlea vibrate (3) stereocilia on hair cells bend because of vibrations (4) mechanically gated Na+ channels open and hair cells depolarize (5) membrane of the oval window vibrates

b. 1, 5, 2, 3, 4
a. 5, 3, 4, 2, 1
c. 1, 2, 5, 4, 3
d. 4, 3, 2, 4, 1

1, 5, 2, 3, 4

The semicircular canals..

-Dealing with balance
-Static labyrinth: responds to force of gravity and linear acceleration
-Kinetic canals: responds to movement of endolymph (fluid) in semicircular canals i.e. angular (rotational acceleration)

Arrange the following events in correct sequence. (1) photoreceptors are hyperpolarized (2) person becomes aware of the information obtained by CNS (3) visual cortex translates action potential (4) bright light is shone into the eye (5) optic nerve conducts action potential to CNS

a. 4, 1, 5, 3, 2

b. 1, 4, 5, 3, 2

c. 5, 3, 2, 1, 4

d. 3, 5, 1, 2, 4

e. 5, 2, 3, 4, 1

4, 1, 5, 3, 2

The fact that we can detect and differentiate between different colors is due to...

-Different colors are identified by analysis of the % composition of each of the 3 colors (RGB), because of cones in retina
-Electromagnetic energy that happens to have a certain wave length and the shorter the wave length the more energy intense that it is
-As wave lengths get longer the less energy they have
-Different wavelengths in nanometers indicate color
-The millions of different types of colors are from the 3 colors of varying intensities and combinations

When a person undergoes laser hair removal which component of the hair follicle is destroyed to ensure the hat does not grow back?

hair cortex
dermal papilla
matrix of follicle
papilla & matrix
cortex & corneum

papilla & matrix

A yellow pigment derived from plants that can impart a yellow color to the skin is

carotene

which of the following is/are responsible for minimizing water loss across the epidermis?

sebum
lipids from lamellar bodies
tight junctions
all of these
none of these

all of these

the epidermis.....

contains no blood vessels
is composed of the reticular and papillary layers
is composed of loose connective tissue
is thicker than the dermis
is made up mostly of melanocytes

contains no blood vessels

most house dust allergies are actually an immune response to which of the following?

dust mite feces

the activity of apocrine sweat glands and subsequent bacterial metabolism.....

leads to body odor

a toenail that chronically becomes ingrown may be removed by a physician. what portion must be removed to ensure it will not grow back?

hyponychum
nail matrix
nail body
eponychum
nail bed

nail matrix

if the structure labeled B represents a clump of pigment cells with abnormal structure and uncontrolled growth it is most likely which type of cancer?

squamous cell carcinoma
melanoma
basal cell carcinoma
all of these
melanoma
none of these

melanoma

which of the following prevents the skin from overstretching and gives it strength (the "anchor rope" fibers)?

reticular fibers
melanin
elastic fibers
collagen fibers
none of these

collagen fibers

technically which of the following is/are NOT part of the skin?

hypodermis
deep fascia
skeletal muscle
all of these ARE part
all of these are NOT part

all of these are NOT part

eccrine sweat glands....

aid in cooling the body

which of the following statements regarding skin is/are true?

the number of melanocytes is essentially equal in people of any skin color
glands in the skin are multicellular
calculating burn are (%) for children requires a different allocation of percentages for certain (ex head)
all of these are true
none of these are true

all of these are true

which type of skin cancer is the most deadly?

melanoma

which of the following statements concerning hair structure is true?

the hair follicle extends into the hypodermis
both the hair root and hair shaft contain living cells
undamaged hair follicles can help regenerate damaged epithelium
all of these are true
none of these are true

undamaged hair follicles can help regenerate damaged epithelium

which of the following are responsible for helping attach/anchor the epidermis?

hemidesmosomes
desmosomes
dermal papillae
all of these
none of these

all of these

baldness ......

is more common in men than in women

the top of Dr. Cossel's head is truly bald in the sense that there is absolutely no hair growing there

false

which of the following skin changes is usually associated with aging?

the amount of collagen in the dermis increases
localized increase in sebaceous glands leads to dry skin
skin becomes thicker
there is an increase in the number of elastic fibers in the skin
loss of subcutaneous tissue contributes to sagging of the skin

loss of subcutaneous tissue contributes to sagging of the skin

striae often occur in a particular orientation that indicates a predominance (more than random) of collagen fiber....

running parallel to tension lines

the layer of the epidermis in which there is the greatest amount ot mitotic activity is the _____

stratum basale

the integumentary system has many functions one of which is

detection of heat and touch

which of the following statements regarding finger prints is false?

will regrow if "sanded off" but not severely enough to cause bleeding
they are strictly a feature of the epidermis
caused by ridges of dermal papillae
all of these
none of these

they are strictly a feature of the epidermis

which vitamin begins its synthesis in the skin when the skin is exposed to ultraviolet light?

vitamin D

which of the following will help cool the body?

convection of warm air across the skin's surface
conductive heat transfer to the body
radiating infra red rays from the skin
all of these
none of these

radiating infra red rays from the skin

which of the following represents the correct order of the layers of the epidermis from the deepest to the most superficial?

basale. spinosum. granulosum. lucidum. corneum

which of the following statements concerning vitamin D is false?

vitamin D is important for calcium homeostasis
vitamin D is necessary for the formation of bones and teeth
vitamin D cause the kidney to excrete calcium
vitamin D begins its synthesis in the skin when the skin is exposed to ultraviolet light
vitamin D is necessary for the uptake of calcium from the intestine

vitamin D cause the kidney to excrete calcium

contrary to the pigments of a tattoo sharpie marker on a baby sister's skin is limited to

epidermis

which of the following functions is NOT associated with the skin?

protection against ultraviolet radiation of the skin
vitamin D production
vitamin C production
regulation of body temperature
pathogen barrier

vitamin C production

what happens to cells when they move from the epidermis to the surface of the skin?

they die

the dermal layer closest to the epidermis is the _______

papillary layer

delicate unpigmented hairs that cover the fetus in early development are called ________ hairs

lanugo

the contraction of the arrector pili

pulls the follicle into a more perpendicular position in relation to the skin's surface

a victim of an automobile goes into shock which results in decreased blood flow. the victim's skin will

become pale

the structure labeled D illustrates what type of gland (secretions enter hair follicle)?

sebaceous gland

vitamin C is essential for normal collagen synthesis. if a child suffered from a vitamin C deficiency which layer of skin would be most affected?

reticular layer of dermis

a sunburn that is sever enough to cause blisters is an example of a ______ burn

second degree

as skin cells move toward the surface of the body they produce a protein that reduces water loss. this process is called________

keratinization

what type of skin gland are primarily responsible for secreting earwax?

none of these
eccrine merocrine sweat gland
mucous gland
apocrine sweat gland
mammary gland

none of these

Eskimos/Inuits wear a great deal of clothing and have limited exposure to U.V light, but do not suffer from vitamin D deficiency. A possible explanation is...

they get enough vitamin D in their diet of fish and marine mammals

A cutaneous injection (like a TB test) delivers medication/solution into the

dermis

One type of experimental contraceptive device is a skin patch that contains a chemical absorbed through the skin. Which of the following substances would most likely be the type of chemical involved?

lipid soluble substances

which term is synonymous with the cuticle of the nail?

eponychium

the portion of the nail that is still alive and undergoing small amounts of mitosis is/are

nail bed

which of the following would be the hair type resulting from the presence of trichosiderin and flattend hair shafts?

red curly hair

what percentage of a person's skin would be involved if they had burned from the waist up?

63%

which type of burn appears white or black with limited pain at the primary/center portion of the burn?

third degree

Leather is mostly made of the __________ layer of the dermis, which is very tough due to the high concentration of ____________ fibers.

areolar; collagen
papillary; keratin
basale; adipose
reticular; keratin
none of these

none of these

Which durable protein is found in the nails, hair, and epidermis?

keratin

which of the following statements concerning sebaceous glands is false?

secretions from sebaceous glands oil the hair and skin
sebaceous glands are example of apocrine glands
most sebaceous glands are connected by a duct to the upper portion of the hair follicle
sebaceous secretions are lipid soluble
secretions from sebaceous glands provide protection against bacteria

sebaceous glands are example of apocrine glands

which of the following will do the MOST to help cool the body?

contraction of the arrector pili muscles
evaporation of apocrine sweat glands from hair shafts
decreased blood flow to the skin
absorption of ultraviolet light rays by the skin
evaporation of merocrine/eccrine sweat from the skin's surface

evaporation of merocrine/eccrine sweat from the skin's surface

in which layer of the epidermis are granules of keratohyalin formed and visible microscopically?

stratum granulosum

which of the following statements is/are false regarding thin skin?

is found on the gripping surfaces of the hands, feet, and digits
it lacks hair follicles
it has significantly thinner dermal layer than thick skin
all of the are false

all of these are false

what was the primary type of heat transfer that caused Ace Ventura's rhino disguised to heat up?

radiative

damage to which portion of a hair follicle will most affect hair growth?

hair bulb/matrix

which of the following statements concerning the subcutaneous layer is false?

the subcutaneous layer attaches to underlying bone and muscle
the subcutaneous layer is composed of dense connective tissue with collagen and elastin fiber
the main cell type of the subcutaneous layers are fibroblasts, adipocytes, and macrophagers
the subcutaneous layer is a site of lipid storage
the subcutaneous layer can also be referred to as the hypodermis

the subcutaneous layer is composed of dense connective tissue with collagen and elastin fiber

nail cells are produced by the ____

nail matrix

what type of skin gland secretes sweat?

sudoriferous gland

Mr. Deed's "wicked-bad frost bite" could cause the black coloration of his foot because of...

gangrene

the main fibrous layer of the dermis with a greater density of collagen is the

reticular layer

what protein is the most abundant type found in the nails, hair, and epidermis?

melanin
elastin
actin
carotene
none of these

none of these

which of the following would be the body's response to a decrease in body temperature?

arrector pili muscles to contract
decrease in sudoriferous gland activity
arterioles in the dermis to constrict
all of these
none of these

all of these

stretch marks may develop on the abdomen of pregnant women because of stretching and rupture of the

dermis

Blood vessels in the __________ provide a hair with its sole source of nutrition.

dermal papilla

Which items/substances in Ace Ventura's rhino disguise had the most heat (not necessarily temperature)?

air
fluid in the broken hose
metal door handle
Ace's body
all of these are equal

metal door handle

which of the following statements about the dermis is/are true?

it does not contain abundant connective tissue
it is divided into three distinct layers
it does not contain many blood vessels
it functions primarily as padding and insulation
none of these

none of these

In neurons, protein synthesis and many (most) other essential cell maintenance functions occur in...

cell bodies or soma

Each voltage-gated Na+ lon channel has two voltage sensitive gates: an activation gate and an inactivation gate. Which of the following describes the gate conditions during repolarization?

activation gats are closed, inactivation gates open
both inactivation and activation gates are closed
both inactivation and activation gates are open
activation gates are open, inactivation gates closed
none of these events occur during repolarization

activation gats are closed, inactivation gates open

Which of the following statements is TRUE?

The limbic system includes portions of the brainstem and cerebrum, and causes emotions/drives
A function of the cerebrum is to of the bellow to provide a comparator function for muscle movements
Each cerebral hemisphere has specific abilities
All of these are true
none of these are true

all of these are true

which of the following activities would stimulate the reticular formation

a sudden loud noise

which of the following statements about eye movements is TRUE?

since both eyes move in a coordinated fashion, identical sets of cranial nerves are firing simultaneously
the trochlear nerve innervates all the oblique muscles
all 6 muscles are innervated by the oculomotor nerve
all of these are true
none of these are true

none of these are true

An action potential results when which of the following occur?

occurs when the local potential reaches threshold level
occurs when the local potential depolarizes to the point sodium activation gates open
occurs when charges across the cell membrane actually flip flop (reverse polarity)
all of these are true
none of these are true

all of these are true

a local hypopolarization (but not exceeding threshold) occurring on a dendrite or cell body (near a synapse) is called a(an)

resting membrane potential

which of the following statements is true regarding ventricles of the brain?

they form prior to the fontanels (soft spots) of the skull fusing
they have choroid plexuses within their lumens
they are filled with fluid that originally came from blood plasma
all of these are true
none of these are true

all of these are true

Because of its role as part of the limbic system which sense is particularly capable of emotionally charged memories?

smell

Schwann cells differ from oligodendrocytes in which of the following ways (which of these is true)?

Schwann cells form a myelin sheath around a portion of only one axon, while oligodendrocytes can surround portions of several axons. Oligodendrocytes are only found in the PNS; Schwann cells are only found in the CNS.
Schwann cells form myelin; oligodendrocytes do not
All of these are true
None of these are true

Schwann cells form a myelin sheath around a portion of only one axon, while oligodendrocytes can surround portions of several axons.

A blockage of the cerebral aqueduct would likely result in which of the following?

Excess fluid in the 3rd Ventricle
Excess fluid in the R/L Ventricles
Hydrocephaly
All of these
None of these

all of these

The plasma membrane of a neuron is more permeable to potassium ions because...

Protein molecules cannot exit through the cell membrane
Calcium ions block Na+ and Cl- channels
Of its positive electrical charge
There are more leak ion channels (non-gated channels) for K+ than Na+
There are more leak ion channels (non-gated channels) for Na+ than K+

There are more leak ion channels (non-gated channels) for K+ than Na+

The sensory (afferent) division of the peripheral nervous system...

Conveys action potentials to the CNS
Transmits action potentials to sensory organs
Does not involve sensory receptors
Stimulates muscle contractions
Stimulates glands to release hormones

Conveys action potentials to the CNS

Most sensory input that ascends through the spinal cord and brainstem projects to the ____ and then possibly onto the cerebrum

Cerebellum
Corpus Callosum
Hypothalamus
Pituitary Gland
None of these

none of these

Maintaining voltage-gated sodium channels with closed activation gates during resting potential is sensitive to changes in the extracellular concentration of which of the following?

Potassium ions
Calcium ions
Proteins
Sodium ions
Chloride ions

calcium ions

Which of the following is TRUE about memory?

Sensory memory last several minutes (until it can be processes in the cerebellum)
Procedural memory is primarily what you are using for this exam
The midbrain is involved with storing spatial memory
All of these are true
None of these

none of these are true

Depolarization of the nerve cell membranes occurs when there is a rapid influx (inflow) of...

Chloride ions
Proteins
Potassium ions
All of these
None of these

none of these

The motor (efferent) division of the peripheral nervous system...

Transmits impulses from the CNS to skeletal muscle
Has nerve cell bodies located in dorsal root ganglia near the spinal cord
In a division of the CNS
Regulates the digestion of food
Detects a stimulus

Transmits impulses from the CNS to skeletal muscle

Which of the following brain regions is associated with the motor ability of speaking (producing sounds/words)?

Insular Lobe
Pons
Broca's area
Wernicke's area
Amygdala

Broca's area

The fact that the right side of the brain controls the left side of the body is explained by the...

Decussation of the pyramids/axons in the medulla
Need for ipsi-lateral control of body function
Division of the cerebellum into two hemispheres
Division of the cerebrum into two hemispheres
Brainstem being below the midbrain

Decussation of the pyramids/axons in the medulla

If a local potential (change) occurs, and the threshold voltage is crossed this results in a/an...

Resting potential
Action potential
Local response
All of these
None of these

action potential

Which of the following cranial nerves is/are purely sensory?

Accessory
Trochlear
Vestibulocochlear
Facial
None of these

Vestibulocochlear

Which of the following structures may be damaged if a person is unable to form new memories?

Cerebrum
Temporal Lobe
Hippocampus
All of these
None of these

All of these