World in 1500s + Exploration

Triangular trade

________: when Europe shipped goods to W Africa for enslaved people, enslaved people shipped to West Indies, exchanged for goods like sugar /rum /tobacco /etc back to Britain.

Sextant

________: a measuring instrument with sighting capabilities and a graduated arc of 60 deg.

Safavid empire

________: an Islamic dynasty that ruled over what is now Iran.

Twelver Shiism

They established ________, a branch of Islam separate from Sunni and Shia.

Bartolomeu de las Casas

________: an early spanish historian and missionary who revealed the abuse of indigenous peoples and showed compassion to them.

Columbian exchange

________: the transfer of plants, animals and food to Europe from Colombia.

Christopher Columbus

________: Italian explorer who sailed in the name of spain over 12ish years;"Found "the New World; Opened it to exploitation, colonization, etc.

Caravel

________: a Spanish or Portuguese sailing ship that was small and fast.

Encomienda

________ system: a legal system where the Spanish government tried to get free labor from indigenous peoples in exchange for military protection and the chance to be converted to Christianity.

Navigation

________ arts: the art or science of determining position and direction of a vehicle and controlling its movement towards that destination.

Commercial revolution

________: a European creation where the economy was based on trade.

Indigenous

________: native to a location; also originating in the place.

Taj Mahal

________: a famous mausoleum on the river Yamuna in India, commissioned to be built in 1632 by Shah Jahan.

Treaty of Tordesillas

___________: an agreement between Spain and Portugal to determine how they claimed lands outside of Europe.

Zheng He

________: famous Chinese explorer who led 7 great expeditions in the name of the chinese king, but whose records of travel were destroyed after China became isolationist.

Jizya

________: tax on non- Muslims paid to their Muslim rulers.

Conquistador

________: a Spanish person who conquered kingdoms (incan /aztec) in south america.

Cartography

________: the science or practice of drawing maps.

Compass

________: a magnetized device that shows magnetic north and south directions.

Jacques Cartier

________: First European to navigate the St. Lawrence River; Credited for naming Canada- Traveled through North America.

Mercantilism

________: where a government exported more than they imported.

Creoles

________: someone of both European and black descent, especially in the Caribbean.

Inflation

________: the decrease of purchase value of money and the increase of prices of goods.

Mestizos

________: a man of mixed race, usually of spanish and indigenous descent.

Sir Francis Drake

________: English admiral who circumnavigated the globe and who helps defeat the Spanish Armada.

North America New World

Jamestown: the second English colony after Roanoke in ________ and the first permanent one.

Samuel de Champlain

________: French explorer who founded Quebec, Canada- Consolidated French colonies- Best known for his exploration and furthering of New France.

Assimilate

________: where an outsider to a culture or group acquires the basic customs and learns the culture of the new group.

Hernando Cortez

________: Spanish explorer who conquered the Aztecs; claimed Mexico in the name of Spain.

Mulattos

________: a bi racial person with both white and black parents.

Astrolabe

________: an instrument used to look at and measure the stars, planetary bodies, and longitude /latitude.

Circumnavigation

________: the process of traveling /sailing the entirety around something, in this case the entire world.

Peninsulares

________: any Spanish- born (born in Spain) colonist who lived in a Latin American colony.

Philippines

________: Spanish colony named after King Phillip II of Spain.

Middle Kingdom

________: "China was called the "________, "implying it was the center of civilization /the world /etc.

Cash crops

________: a crop like tobacco produced for profit rather than to eat or consume.

Middle Passage

________: the journey enslaved people underwent from Africa to the West Indies.

Vasco da Gama

________: Portuguese navigator who was first to sail around Africas Cape of Good Hope to India; Landed in India May 20, 1498- Opened sea route to Asia from Europe DA FIRST.

Cape of Good Hope

________: the rocky southern point of Africa that Bartolomeu Dias first sailed around in 1488.

Songhai Empire

________: empire that dominated western sudan in the 15th and 16th century; known for military and economy.

Mughal India

________: an Muslim early- modern empire that controlled a lot of Asia and Africa during the 16th through 19th centuries.

Francisco Pizarro

________: spanish conquistador and explorer who conquered the Incas and killed their leader; Paved the way for the colonization of Peru and South America.

Bartolomeu Dias

________: Portuguese explorer and mariner who sailed to Cape of Good Hope and traveled up the east coast of africa; First to sail around the tip of southern Africa; Dias → Tip.

Line of Demarcation

________: the Line of Demarcation split the world more or less in half, with Portugal taking everything to the east and Spain to the west.

Aztec empire

________: located in Central America; last of the big Mesoamerican cultures before Europeans arrived; they built pyramid architecture and performed human sacrifice.

Old/New World

The ------ was Europe, and when the European colonists started to explore the globe and landed in the Americas, that was the -------.

Prince Henry the Navigator

________: Portuguese prince who Ushered in Atlantic Slave Trade and Age of Discovery; Didnt go on any actual sea voyages, just sponsored them; His ships reached Canary Islands and Madeira Islands.

Tokugawa Japan

________: the period between 1603 and 1867 in Japan, when the shogunate organized Japanese classes and locked out foreigners.

Henry Hudson

________: English explorer who tried to find a northwest passage to Asia; Funded by Dutch East India Trading Company and found the New World; Hudson River and Hudson Bay are named for him.

LEFT

19 THROUGH 31 OF EXPLORATION TERMS + ALL CONCEPT QUESTIONS

Mughal India

an Muslim early-modern empire that controlled a lot of Asia and Africa during the 16th through 19th centuries

Safavid empire

an Islamic dynasty that ruled over what is now Iran

Ottoman empire

one of the longest lasting and largest territory wise empires in human history at 624 years; ruled over parts of Asia, Europe and East Africa

Constantinople/Istanbul

Constantinople lasted for centuries as the capital for various empires

Ming China

an imperial dynasty of China ruling from 1368 to 1644. last orthodox dynasty ruled by the Han people in China

"Middle Kingdom"

China was called the "Middle Kingdom", implying it was the center of civilization/the world/etc

Tokugawa Japan

the period between 1603 and 1867 in Japan, when the shogunate organized Japanese classes and locked out foreigners

Songhai empire

empire that dominated western sudan in the 15th and 16th century; known for military and economy

Incan empire

located in Andes of S America from 15th century to Spanish conquistadors in 1530s

Aztec empire

located in Central America; last of the big Mesoamerican cultures before Europeans arrived; they built pyramid architecture and performed human sacrifice

Zheng He

famous Chinese explorer who led 7 great expeditions in the name of the chinese king, but whose records of travel were destroyed after China became isolationist

Jizya

tax on non-Muslims paid to their Muslim rulers

Trans-Saharan Trade Route

a network between N Africa + the Persian Gulf and Sub-Saharan Africa

Indian Ocean Trade Network

a network that connected Southeast Asia, India, the Middle East and East Africa circa 3rd century BCE

Mediterranean Sea Trade

a trade route that connected Europe, N Africa and Asia by water

navigation arts

the art or science of determining position and direction of a vehicle and controlling its movement towards that destination

cartography

the science or practice of drawing maps

caravel

a Spanish or Portuguese sailing ship that was small and fast

sextant

a measuring instrument with sighting capabilities and a graduated arc of 60 deg

astrolabe

an instrument used to look at and measure the stars, planetary bodies, and longitude/latitude

compass

a magnetized device that shows magnetic north and south directions

triangular and lateen sails

lateen is a triangular sail on a long pole at a 45 degree angle to the mast

indigenous

native to a location; also originating in the place

colony/colonization

colony is an area settled by a small group in the name of a mother country

parent (mother) colony

a colony that is bigger than its little output colonies; daughter colony is a small outpost of a mother colony but still turns in profit to the mother

cash crops

a crop like tobacco produced for profit rather than to eat or consume

circumnavigation

the process of traveling/sailing the entirety around something, in this case the entire world

conquistador

a Spanish person who conquered kingdoms (incan/aztec) in south america

Mestizos

a man of mixed race, usually of spanish and indigenous descent

Creoles

someone of both European and black descent, especially in the Caribbean

Mulattos

a bi racial person with both white and black parents

Peninsulares

any Spanish-born (born in Spain) colonist who lived in a Latin American colony

Encomienda system

a legal system where the Spanish government tried to get free labor from indigenous peoples in exchange for military protection and the chance to be converted to Christianity

Treaty of Tordesillas

an agreement between Spain and Portugal to determine how they claimed lands outside of Europe

Line of Demarcation

the Line of Demarcation split the world more or less in half, with Portugal taking everything to the east and Spain to the west

assimilate

where an outsider to a culture or group acquires the basic customs and learns the culture of the new group

mercantilism

where a government exported more than they imported

commercial revolution

a European creation where the economy was based on trade

joint stock company/trading company

where the shareholders of a company equally share the stock

inflation

the decrease of purchase value of money and the increase of prices of goods

Dutch East India Company

established in 1602 by the Netherlands where they connected Europe and Asia to increase trade and exploration

British East India Company

established in 1600 to exploit and explore East/SE Asia and India for the spice trade primarily

Columbian exchange

the transfer of plants, animals and food to Europe from Colombia

Old World/New World

The Old World was Europe, and when the European colonists started to explore the globe and landed in Africa/America/S America, that was the New World

Triangular trade

when Europe shipped goods to W Africa for enslaved people, enslaved people shipped to West Indies, exchanged for goods like sugar/rum/tobacco/etc back to Britain

Middle Passage

the journey enslaved people underwent from Africa to the West Indies

Prince Henry the Navigator

Portuguese prince who Ushered in Atlantic Slave Trade and Age of Discovery; Didnt go on any actual sea voyages, just sponsored them; His ships reached Canary Islands and Madeira Islands

Cape of Good Hope

the rocky southern point of Africa that Bartolomeu Dias first sailed around in 1488

Bartolomeu Dias

Portuguese explorer and mariner who sailed to Cape of Good Hope and traveled up the east coast of africa; First to sail around the tip of southern Africa; Dias → Tip

Christopher Columbus

Italian explorer who sailed in the name of spain over 12ish years; "Found" the New World; Opened it to exploitation, colonization, etc