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Triangular trade
________: when Europe shipped goods to W Africa for enslaved people, enslaved people shipped to West Indies, exchanged for goods like sugar /rum /tobacco /etc back to Britain.
Sextant
________: a measuring instrument with sighting capabilities and a graduated arc of 60 deg.
Safavid empire
________: an Islamic dynasty that ruled over what is now Iran.
Twelver Shiism
They established ________, a branch of Islam separate from Sunni and Shia.
Bartolomeu de las Casas
________: an early spanish historian and missionary who revealed the abuse of indigenous peoples and showed compassion to them.
Columbian exchange
________: the transfer of plants, animals and food to Europe from Colombia.
Christopher Columbus
________: Italian explorer who sailed in the name of spain over 12ish years;"Found "the New World; Opened it to exploitation, colonization, etc.
Caravel
________: a Spanish or Portuguese sailing ship that was small and fast.
Encomienda
________ system: a legal system where the Spanish government tried to get free labor from indigenous peoples in exchange for military protection and the chance to be converted to Christianity.
Navigation
________ arts: the art or science of determining position and direction of a vehicle and controlling its movement towards that destination.
Commercial revolution
________: a European creation where the economy was based on trade.
Indigenous
________: native to a location; also originating in the place.
Taj Mahal
________: a famous mausoleum on the river Yamuna in India, commissioned to be built in 1632 by Shah Jahan.
Treaty of Tordesillas
___________: an agreement between Spain and Portugal to determine how they claimed lands outside of Europe.
Zheng He
________: famous Chinese explorer who led 7 great expeditions in the name of the chinese king, but whose records of travel were destroyed after China became isolationist.
Jizya
________: tax on non- Muslims paid to their Muslim rulers.
Conquistador
________: a Spanish person who conquered kingdoms (incan /aztec) in south america.
Cartography
________: the science or practice of drawing maps.
Compass
________: a magnetized device that shows magnetic north and south directions.
Jacques Cartier
________: First European to navigate the St. Lawrence River; Credited for naming Canada- Traveled through North America.
Mercantilism
________: where a government exported more than they imported.
Creoles
________: someone of both European and black descent, especially in the Caribbean.
Inflation
________: the decrease of purchase value of money and the increase of prices of goods.
Mestizos
________: a man of mixed race, usually of spanish and indigenous descent.
Sir Francis Drake
________: English admiral who circumnavigated the globe and who helps defeat the Spanish Armada.
North America New World
Jamestown: the second English colony after Roanoke in ________ and the first permanent one.
Samuel de Champlain
________: French explorer who founded Quebec, Canada- Consolidated French colonies- Best known for his exploration and furthering of New France.
Assimilate
________: where an outsider to a culture or group acquires the basic customs and learns the culture of the new group.
Hernando Cortez
________: Spanish explorer who conquered the Aztecs; claimed Mexico in the name of Spain.
Mulattos
________: a bi racial person with both white and black parents.
Astrolabe
________: an instrument used to look at and measure the stars, planetary bodies, and longitude /latitude.
Circumnavigation
________: the process of traveling /sailing the entirety around something, in this case the entire world.
Peninsulares
________: any Spanish- born (born in Spain) colonist who lived in a Latin American colony.
Philippines
________: Spanish colony named after King Phillip II of Spain.
Middle Kingdom
: "China was called the ", "implying it was the center of civilization /the world /etc.
Cash crops
________: a crop like tobacco produced for profit rather than to eat or consume.
Middle Passage
________: the journey enslaved people underwent from Africa to the West Indies.
Vasco da Gama
________: Portuguese navigator who was first to sail around Africas Cape of Good Hope to India; Landed in India May 20, 1498- Opened sea route to Asia from Europe DA FIRST.
Cape of Good Hope
________: the rocky southern point of Africa that Bartolomeu Dias first sailed around in 1488.
Songhai Empire
________: empire that dominated western sudan in the 15th and 16th century; known for military and economy.
Mughal India
________: an Muslim early- modern empire that controlled a lot of Asia and Africa during the 16th through 19th centuries.
Francisco Pizarro
________: spanish conquistador and explorer who conquered the Incas and killed their leader; Paved the way for the colonization of Peru and South America.
Bartolomeu Dias
________: Portuguese explorer and mariner who sailed to Cape of Good Hope and traveled up the east coast of africa; First to sail around the tip of southern Africa; Dias → Tip.
Line of Demarcation
________: the Line of Demarcation split the world more or less in half, with Portugal taking everything to the east and Spain to the west.
Aztec empire
________: located in Central America; last of the big Mesoamerican cultures before Europeans arrived; they built pyramid architecture and performed human sacrifice.
Old/New World
The ------ was Europe, and when the European colonists started to explore the globe and landed in the Americas, that was the -------.
Prince Henry the Navigator
________: Portuguese prince who Ushered in Atlantic Slave Trade and Age of Discovery; Didnt go on any actual sea voyages, just sponsored them; His ships reached Canary Islands and Madeira Islands.
Tokugawa Japan
________: the period between 1603 and 1867 in Japan, when the shogunate organized Japanese classes and locked out foreigners.
Henry Hudson
________: English explorer who tried to find a northwest passage to Asia; Funded by Dutch East India Trading Company and found the New World; Hudson River and Hudson Bay are named for him.
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19 THROUGH 31 OF EXPLORATION TERMS + ALL CONCEPT QUESTIONS
Mughal India
an Muslim early-modern empire that controlled a lot of Asia and Africa during the 16th through 19th centuries
Safavid empire
an Islamic dynasty that ruled over what is now Iran
Ottoman empire
one of the longest lasting and largest territory wise empires in human history at 624 years; ruled over parts of Asia, Europe and East Africa
Constantinople/Istanbul
Constantinople lasted for centuries as the capital for various empires
Ming China
an imperial dynasty of China ruling from 1368 to 1644. last orthodox dynasty ruled by the Han people in China
"Middle Kingdom"
China was called the "Middle Kingdom", implying it was the center of civilization/the world/etc
Tokugawa Japan
the period between 1603 and 1867 in Japan, when the shogunate organized Japanese classes and locked out foreigners
Songhai empire
empire that dominated western sudan in the 15th and 16th century; known for military and economy
Incan empire
located in Andes of S America from 15th century to Spanish conquistadors in 1530s
Aztec empire
located in Central America; last of the big Mesoamerican cultures before Europeans arrived; they built pyramid architecture and performed human sacrifice
Zheng He
famous Chinese explorer who led 7 great expeditions in the name of the chinese king, but whose records of travel were destroyed after China became isolationist
Jizya
tax on non-Muslims paid to their Muslim rulers
Trans-Saharan Trade Route
a network between N Africa + the Persian Gulf and Sub-Saharan Africa
Indian Ocean Trade Network
a network that connected Southeast Asia, India, the Middle East and East Africa circa 3rd century BCE
Mediterranean Sea Trade
a trade route that connected Europe, N Africa and Asia by water
navigation arts
the art or science of determining position and direction of a vehicle and controlling its movement towards that destination
cartography
the science or practice of drawing maps
caravel
a Spanish or Portuguese sailing ship that was small and fast
sextant
a measuring instrument with sighting capabilities and a graduated arc of 60 deg
astrolabe
an instrument used to look at and measure the stars, planetary bodies, and longitude/latitude
compass
a magnetized device that shows magnetic north and south directions
triangular and lateen sails
lateen is a triangular sail on a long pole at a 45 degree angle to the mast
indigenous
native to a location; also originating in the place
colony/colonization
colony is an area settled by a small group in the name of a mother country
parent (mother) colony
a colony that is bigger than its little output colonies; daughter colony is a small outpost of a mother colony but still turns in profit to the mother
cash crops
a crop like tobacco produced for profit rather than to eat or consume
circumnavigation
the process of traveling/sailing the entirety around something, in this case the entire world
conquistador
a Spanish person who conquered kingdoms (incan/aztec) in south america
Mestizos
a man of mixed race, usually of spanish and indigenous descent
Creoles
someone of both European and black descent, especially in the Caribbean
Mulattos
a bi racial person with both white and black parents
Peninsulares
any Spanish-born (born in Spain) colonist who lived in a Latin American colony
Encomienda system
a legal system where the Spanish government tried to get free labor from indigenous peoples in exchange for military protection and the chance to be converted to Christianity
Treaty of Tordesillas
an agreement between Spain and Portugal to determine how they claimed lands outside of Europe
Line of Demarcation
the Line of Demarcation split the world more or less in half, with Portugal taking everything to the east and Spain to the west
assimilate
where an outsider to a culture or group acquires the basic customs and learns the culture of the new group
mercantilism
where a government exported more than they imported
commercial revolution
a European creation where the economy was based on trade
joint stock company/trading company
where the shareholders of a company equally share the stock
inflation
the decrease of purchase value of money and the increase of prices of goods
Dutch East India Company
established in 1602 by the Netherlands where they connected Europe and Asia to increase trade and exploration
British East India Company
established in 1600 to exploit and explore East/SE Asia and India for the spice trade primarily
Columbian exchange
the transfer of plants, animals and food to Europe from Colombia
Old World/New World
The Old World was Europe, and when the European colonists started to explore the globe and landed in Africa/America/S America, that was the New World
Triangular trade
when Europe shipped goods to W Africa for enslaved people, enslaved people shipped to West Indies, exchanged for goods like sugar/rum/tobacco/etc back to Britain
Middle Passage
the journey enslaved people underwent from Africa to the West Indies
Prince Henry the Navigator
Portuguese prince who Ushered in Atlantic Slave Trade and Age of Discovery; Didnt go on any actual sea voyages, just sponsored them; His ships reached Canary Islands and Madeira Islands
Cape of Good Hope
the rocky southern point of Africa that Bartolomeu Dias first sailed around in 1488
Bartolomeu Dias
Portuguese explorer and mariner who sailed to Cape of Good Hope and traveled up the east coast of africa; First to sail around the tip of southern Africa; Dias → Tip
Christopher Columbus
Italian explorer who sailed in the name of spain over 12ish years; "Found" the New World; Opened it to exploitation, colonization, etc
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