LEFT: 19 THROUGH 31 OF EXPLORATION TERMS + ALL CONCEPT QUESTIONS

World in 1500s

Places/government:

• Mughal India: an Muslim early-modern empire that controlled a lot of Asia and Africa during the 16th through 19th centuries.

• Taj Mahal: a famous mausoleum on the river Yamuna in India. It was commissioned to be built in 1631 by Shah Jahan, a Mughal emperor.

• Safavid empire: an Islamic dynasty that ruled over what is now Iran. They established Twelver Shiism, a branch of Islam separate from Sunni and Shi’a.

• Ottoman empire: one of the longest lasting and largest territory wise empires in human history at 624 years; ruled over parts of Asia, Europe and East Africa.

• Constantinople/Istanbul: Constantinople lasted for centuries as the capital for various empires. When the Ottomans defeated the Byzantine empire in a siege of their capital, the Ottoman ruler, Sultan Mehmed, renamed Constantinople Istanbul.

• Ming China: an imperial dynasty of China ruling from 1368 to 1644. last orthodox dynasty ruled by the Han people in China.

• “Middle Kingdom”: China was called the “Middle Kingdom”, implying it was the center of civilization/the world/etc.

• Tokugawa Japan: the period between 1603 and 1867 in Japan, when the shogunate organized Japanese classes and locked out foreigners.

• Songhai empire: empire that dominated western sudan in the 15th and 16th century; known for military and economy.

• Incan empire: located in Andes of S America from 15th century to Spanish conquistadors in 1530s. largest empire ever in the Americas; exceptional architecture

• Aztec empire: located in Central America; last of the big Mesoamerican cultures before Europeans arrived; they built pyramid architecture and performed human sacrifice.

• Zheng He: famous Chinese explorer who led 7 great expeditions in the name of the chinese king, but whose records of travel were destroyed after China became isolationist.

Terms:

• Jizya: tax on non-Muslims paid to their Muslim rulers

• Trans-Saharan Trade Route: a network between N Africa + the Persian Gulf and Sub-Saharan Africa. Primarily traded gold and salt.

• Indian Ocean Trade Network: a network that connected Southeast Asia, India, the Middle East and East Africa circa 3rd century BCE.

• Mediterranean Sea Trade: a trade route that connected Europe, N Africa and Asia by water.

Exploration

1. navigation arts: the art or science of determining position and direction of a vehicle and controlling its movement towards that destination.

2. cartography: the science or practice of drawing maps

3. caravel: a Spanish or Portuguese sailing ship that was small and fast. c 15th-17th centuries

4. sextant: a measuring instrument with sighting capabilities and a graduated arc of 60 deg. helped with navigation and altitudes.

5. astrolabe: an instrument used to look at and measure the stars, planetary bodies, and longitude/latitude

6. compass: a magnetized device that shows magnetic north and south directions

7. triangular and lateen sails: lateen is a triangular sail on a long pole at a 45 degree angle to the mast.

8. indigenous: native to a location; also originating in the place

9. colony/colonization: colony is an area settled by a small group in the name of a mother country. colonization is the act of settling in a foreign place among the indigenous people of the region.

10. parent (mother) colony: a colony that is bigger than its little output colonies; daughter colony is a small outpost of a mother colony but still turns in profit to the mother.

11. cash crops: a crop like tobacco produced for profit rather than to eat or consume.

12. circumnavigation: the process of traveling/sailing the entirety around something, in this case the entire world.

13. conquistador: a Spanish person who conquered kingdoms (incan/aztec) in south america.

14. Mestizos: a man of mixed race, usually of spanish and indigenous descent

15. Creoles: someone of both European and black descent, especially in the Caribbean.

16. Mulattos: a bi racial person with both white and black parents.

17. Peninsulares: any Spanish-born (born in Spain) colonist who lived in a Latin American colony.

18. Encomienda system: a legal system where the Spanish government tried to get free labor from indigenous peoples in exchange for military protection and the chance to be converted to Christianity.

19. Treaty of Tordesillas: an agreement between Spain and Portugal to determine how they claimed lands outside of Europe.

20. Line of Demarcation: the Line of Demarcation split the world more or less in half, with Portugal taking everything to the east and Spain to the west. many holes in this, one being that spain was in portugal’s territory and another being that spain and portugal weren’t the only countries in the world.

21. assimilate: where an outsider to a culture or group acquires the basic customs and learns the culture of the new group.

22. mercantilism: where a government exported more than they imported.

23. commercial revolution: a European creation where the economy was based on trade

24. joint stock company/trading company: where the shareholders of a company equally share the stock

25. inflation: the decrease of purchase value of money and the increase of prices of goods.

26. Dutch East India Company: established in 1602 by the Netherlands where they connected Europe and Asia to increase trade and exploration

27. British East India Company: established in 1600 to exploit and explore East/SE Asia and India for the spice trade primarily.

28. Columbian exchange: the transfer of plants, animals and food to Europe from Colombia

29. Old World/New World: The Old World was Europe, and when the European colonists started to explore the globe and landed in Africa/America/S America, that was the New World.

30. Triangular trade: when Europe shipped goods to W Africa for enslaved people, enslaved people shipped to West Indies, exchanged for goods like sugar/rum/tobacco/etc back to Britain.

31. Middle Passage: the journey enslaved people underwent from Africa to the West Indies.

People/places:

• Prince Henry the Navigator: Portuguese prince who Ushered in Atlantic Slave Trade and Age of Discovery; Didn’t go on any actual sea voyages, just sponsored them; His ships reached Canary Islands and Madeira Islands.

• Cape of Good Hope: the rocky southern point of Africa that Bartolomeu Dias first sailed around in 1488.

• Vasco da Gama: Portuguese navigator who was first to sail around Africa’s Cape of Good Hope to India; Landed in India May 20, 1498- Opened sea route to Asia from Europe DA FIRST

• Bartolomeu Dias: Portuguese explorer and mariner who sailed to Cape of Good Hope and traveled up the east coast of africa; First to sail around the tip of southern Africa; Dias → Tip

• Christopher Columbus: Italian explorer who sailed in the name of spain over 12ish years; “Found” the New World; Opened it to exploitation, colonization, etc.; Sponsored by Isabella and Ferdinand

• Ferdinand Magellan: Portuguese explorer and first to circumnavigate the world; Sponsored by Spain to search for East Indies

• Philippines: Spanish colony named after King Phillip II of Spain. an archipelago around China and in the Pacific.

• Francisco Pizarro: spanish conquistador and explorer who conquered the Incas and killed their leader; Paved the way for the colonization of Peru and South America

• Hernando Cortez: Spanish explorer who conquered the Aztecs; claimed Mexico in the name of Spain

• Bartolomeu de las Casas: an early spanish historian and missionary who revealed the abuse of indigenous peoples and showed compassion to them. abolitionist.

• Jacques Cartier: First European to navigate the St. Lawrence River; Credited for naming Canada- Traveled through North America

• Samuel de Champlain: French explorer who founded Quebec, Canada- Consolidated French colonies- Best known for his exploration and furthering of New France.

• Henry Hudson: English explorer who tried to find a northwest passage to Asia; Funded by Dutch East India Trading Company and found the New World; Hudson River and Hudson Bay are named for him

• Sir Francis Drake: English admiral who circumnavigated the globe and who helps defeat the Spanish Armada

• Jamestown: the second English colony after Roanoke in North America/New World and the first permanent one. named for King James I in the name of england.