ap psych - unit 6 vocab (mods 45-54)

koch - 22-23

attachment

an emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress or separation

aggression

any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy

assimilation

interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas

accommodation

(1) in sensation and perception, the process by which the eyes lens changes shape to focus near or far objects on the retina. (2) in developmental psychology, adapting our current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information

adolescence

the transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence

autism spectrum disorder

(asd) a disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by significant deficiencies in communication and social interaction, and by rigidly fixated interests and repetitive behaviors

aids

a life threatening sexually transmitted infection caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv). Aids depletes the immune system, leaving the person vulnerable to infections

basic trust

according to erik erikson, a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy; said to be formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive caregivers

cross-sectional study

a study in which people of different ages are compared with one another

concrete operational stage

in piagets theory, the stage of cognitive development (from about 6-7 or 11 years of age) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events

conservation

the principle (which piaget believed to be a part of operational reasoning) that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects

cognition

all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating

critical period

an optimal period early in the life of an organism when exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces normal development

developmental psychology

a branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span

egocentrism

in piagets theory the preoperational child's difficulty taking another's point of view

embryo

the developing human organism from about 2 weeks after fertilization through the second month

emerging adulthood

for some people in modern cultures, a period from the late teens to mid-twenties, bridging the gap between adolescent dependence and full independence and responsible adulthood

fetal alcohol syndrome

physical and cognitive abnormalities in  children caused by a pregnant womans heavy drinking. In severe cases, signs include a small, out-of-proportion head and abnormal facial features

formal operational stage

in piagets theory, the stage of cognitive development (normally beginning about age 12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts

gender typing

the acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role

gender identity

our sense of being male or female

gender role

a set of expected behaviors for males and females

gender

the socially constructed roles and characteristics by which a culture defines male and female

habituation

decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation. As infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a visual stimulus, their interest wanes and they look away sooner

intimacy

in eriksons theory, the ability to form close, loving relationships; a primary developmental task in late adolescence and early adulthood

identity

our sense of self; according to erikson, the adolescents task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles

imprinting

the process by which certain animals form strong attachments during an early life critical period

longitudinal study

research in which the same people are restudied and retested over a long period

maturation

biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience

menarche

the first menstrual period

menopause

the time of natural cessation of menstruation; also refers to the biological changes a woman experiences as her ability to reproduce declines

object permanence

the awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived

preoperational stage

in piagets theory, the stage (from about 2 to about 6-7 years of age) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete language

puberty

the period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing

primary sex characteristics

the body structures (ovaries, testes, and external genitalia) that make sexual reproduction possible

role

a set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave

social clock

the culturally preferred timing of social events such a s marriage, parenthood, and retirement

secondary sex characteristics

nonreproductive sexual traits, such as female breasts and hips, male voice quality, and body hair 

sexual orientation

an enduring sexual attraction toward members of either ones own sex (homosexual orientation), the other sex (heterosexual attraction), or both sexes (bisexual orientation)

social identity

the “we” aspect of our self-concept; the part of our answer to “who am I” that comes from our group memberships

sensorimotor stage

in piagets theory, the stage (from birth to about 2 years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities

social learning theory

the theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished

schema

a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information

self-concept

all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question “who am i”

stranger anxiety

the fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning by about 8 months of age

teratogens

(“monster makers”) agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm

temperament

a person's characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity

transgender

an umbrella term describing people whose gender identity or expression differs from that associated with their birth sex

theory of mind

people's ideas about their and others mental states - about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts, and the behaviors these might predict

testosterone

the most important of the male sex hormones. Both males and females have it, but the additional testosterone in males stimulates the growth of male sex organs in the fetus and the development of the male sex characteristics during puberty

x chromosome

the sex chromosomes found in both men and women. Females have 2 x chromosomes; males have one. An x chromosome from each parent produces a female child

y chromosome

the sex chromosome found only in males. When paired with an x chromosome from the mother, it produces a male child

zygote

the fertilized egg; it enters a 2-week period of rapid cell division and develops into an embryo

Jean Piaget

studied cognitive development especially in children. Studied and ‘founded’ the 4 stages of cognitive development. The stages are, sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational

Albert Bandura

‘founded’ the social learning theory. Famous for the bobo doll study and that aggression is learned

Lev Vygotsky

russian psychologist who came up with a theory regarding children's development that deffered from the norm in the current russian political age

Lawrence Kohlberg

‘founded’ the 3 moral stages of development which are preconventional, conventional morality, and post conventional

Konrad Lorenz

reclaimed imprinting, and found that there is a critical period for attachment

Erik Erickson

based his stages off of freuds stages, his stages includes crises

Harry Harlow

did experiments with monkeys and artificial monkey mothers. Discovered how humans act similarly

Sigmund Freud

father of psychoanalysis and modern psychology. Thought the unconscious mind rules over almost all our actions. Had a theory about psychosexual development and that there were different parts of the mind like the id the ego and the superego

Margaret Harlow

researched with harry harlow, did experiments with monkeys and her experiments differed as she used mother father relationships instead of mother mother, as well as studied paternal love

Diana Baumrind

well known for research on parenting styles

Carol Gilligan

thought kohlbergs theory of moral development was male centric, thought boys were likely to apply moral rules to every context and thought girls were likely to consider relationships in decision making