QUIZ 2: Empiricism, Sensationalism, Positivism, and Rationalism

After visiting with Galileo, Hobbes became convinced that:

a. humans could not simply be described as machines

b. humans could be completely understood by employing only the concepts of matter and motion

c. expressing one's true beliefs could be very dangerous

d. Descartes was correct about innate ideas in the universe

humans could be completely understood by employing only the concepts of matter and motion

Hartley believed that vibrations in the brain continued after the external stimulation that caused them had ceased. He called these lingering vibrations:

a. primary processes

b. secondary processes

c. vibratiuncles

d. cell assemble

vibratiuncles

La Mettrie believed that:

a. humans were morally superior to nonhuman animals

b. religion had done much to improve the human condition

c. atheism had done much to worsen the human condition

d. accepting atheism and materialism would lead to a more humane world

accepting atheism and materialism would lead to a more humane world

For Hartley, the only process that converted simple ideas into complex ideas was:

a. abstract thought

b. reflection

c. association

d. imagination

association

According to ____, the best government was one that provided the greatest amount of happiness to the greatest number of people.

a. empiricism

b. utilitarianism

c. rationalism

d. interactionism

utilitariansim

Bain's goal was to:

a. show that a science of ethology was possible

b. describe the physiological correlates of mental and behavioral phenomena

c. show the compatibility between J. S. Mill's concept of mental chemistry and Cartesian philosophy

d. show that mental and behavioral phenomena could be explained without employing the law of contiguity

describe the physiological correlates of mental and behavioral phenomena

Which of the statements listed below is not true of Locke's ideas and beliefs?

a. no specific ideas were innate

b. the mind was well stocked with innate faculties

c. only sensations were received and stored by a passive mind

d. most ideas were innate

most ideas were innate

Which one of the following is not one of the three parts of the dialectic process of Hegel?

a. synthesis

b. antithesis

c. thesis

d. conflict

conflict

John Stuart Mill's concept of ____ emancipated associationistic psychology from the strict mental mechanics proposed by James Mill and others.

a. free will

b. imagination

c. mental chemistry

d. utilitarianism

mental chemistry

Locke's major argument against the existence of innate ideas was that:

a. no gene was available to transmit an idea

b. the French seemed to have more of them than either the English or the Germans

c. if ideas were innate, all humans would have them, and they do not

d. the only way to prove their existence was by mathematical deduction

if ideas were innate, all humans would have them, and they don't

In his explanation of distance perception Berkeley relied heavily on:

a. tactile cues

b. the process of association

c. intuition

d. Descartes' explanation of the same phenomenon

the process of association

If what is meant by psychology is the introspective analysis of the mind, then according to Comte psychology was:

a. metaphysical nonsense

b. a possibility

c. the only valid psychology

d. the groundwork from which a positivistic science could develop

metaphysical nonsense

What did Hume refer to as an "inexplicable mystery"?

a. Berkeley

b. philosophy

c. religion

d. innate ideas

religion

For Comte, we can be certain only of things that are:

a. publicly observable

b. divinely revealed

c. logically deduced

d. experienced through introspection

publicly observable

According to Hume, the mind was:

a. perceptions that a person was having at any given moment

b. a nonmaterial entity that existed independently of the body

c. that part of a person that organized his or her experiences

d. responsible for human rationality

perceptions that a person was having at any given moment

On the mind-body issue, Leibniz believed that they never influence each other; it only seems as if they do. This is called:

a. psychophysical parallelism

b. epiphenomenalism

c. interactionism

d. occasionalism

psychophysical parallelism

Which of the following is true concerning monads?

a. Next to God, humans possess the monads capable of the clearest thinking.

b. Only inanimate objects possess monads.

c. Only God possesses enough monads for clear thinking.

d. Only humans possess enough monads for clear thinking.

Next to God, Humans possess the monads capable of the clearest thinking

Which of the following is not consistent with Herbart's advice to teachers?

a. Review the material that has already been learned.

b. Prepare the student for new material by giving an overview of what is coming next.

c. Relate new material to what has already been learned.

d. Show applications of new material before the concepts have been described.

Show applications of new material before the concepts have been described

For Leibniz, sensory experience was important because it:

a. produced the ideas that occurred in the mind

b. provided the pleasurable and painful experiences that guide our behavior

c. allowed the potential ideas within us to become actualized

d. provided another way of knowing God

allowed the potential ideas within us to become actualized

Leibniz's term for perceptions that occurred below the level of awareness was:

a. secondary quality

b. petites perceptions

c. epiphenomenon

d. more than one of these choices

petites perceptions

According to Leibniz, there was nothing in the mind that was not first in the senses except for:

a. mathematical knowledge

b. the mind itself

c. what God revealed

d. knowledge of moral principles

the mind itself

According to Kant, our phenomenological experience resulted from:

a. sensory experience alone

b. innate ideas

c. categories of thought alone

d. the interaction between sensations and the categories of thought

the interaction between sensations and the categories of thought

According to Herbart, an idea was allowed to enter consciousness if it was:

a. compatible with a person's moral code

b. adaptive

c. compatible with the apperceptive mass

d. clear and intense

compatible with the apperceptive mass

The clearest distinction between rationalism and empiricism can be made with regard to the acceptance or rejection of:

a. sensory information

b. mental phenomena

c. a concept of mind

d. innate ideas or principles

innate ideas or principles

When one cycle of the dialectic process is complete, the last stage of that cycle becomes the ____ of the next cycle:

a. thesis

b. antithesis

c. synthesis

d. Absolute

thesis

For Spinoza, our freedom (free will) consists:

a. of knowing that everything that is must necessarily be

b. in violation of natural law

c. in living a life governed by hedonism

d. in accepting either Christianity or Judaism

of knowing that everything that is must necessarily be

Which of the following is not part of Herbart's philosophy?

a. ideas had the power to attract or repel each other

b. ideas struggled to gain consciousness

c. the same idea could at one time be conscious and at another time be unconscious

d. ideas in consciousness are called qualitative mass

ideas in consciousness are called qualitative mass

According to ____, when a person has a desire to move his arm, God is aware of this desire and moves the person's arm.

a. Leibniz

b. Malebranche

c. Spinoza

d. Reid

Malebranche

Of Locke's beliefs concerning the mind, which one is not true?

a. the mind neither creates nor destroys ideas

b. the mind can arrange existing ideas in an almost infinite number of configurations

c. the mind clarifies innate ideas

d. the mind combines simple ideas into complex ideas

the mind clarifies innate ideas

Hume referred to knowledge that existed by definition, such as mathematical knowledge, as:

a. demonstrative knowledge

b. empirical knowledge

c. illusions

d. sophistry

demonstrative knowledge

Hartley believed that vibrations in the brain continued after the external stimulation that caused them had ceased. He called these lingering vibrations:

a. primary processes

b. secondary processes

c. vibratiuncles

d. cell assembles

vibratiuncles

All of the following were goals of the British empiricists and the French sensationalists except:

Select one:

a. to explain the mind as Newton had explained the physical world

b. to show that metaphysical speculation could not be abandoned when attempting to explain human behavior

c. to minimize or eliminate metaphysical speculation while explaining human psychology

d. to explain mental events in mechanistic terms

to show that metaphysical speculation could not be abandoned when attempting to explain human behavior

Berkeley believed that ____ was responsible for the widespread religious skepticism and atheism of his day.

Select one:

a. romanticism

b. materialism

c. idealism

d. rationalism

materialism

According to Hartley, if events A, B, and C are consistently experienced together, eventually experiencing event C alone will cause a person to:

Select one:

a. recite the alphabet

b. experience the idea of C

c. experience the ideas of A, B, and C

d. wonder what happened to A and B

Experience the ideas of A, B, and C

For Hartley, the only process that converted simple ideas into complex ideas was:

Select one:

a. abstract thought

b. reflection

c. association

d. imagination

association

La Mettrie believed that if Descartes had consistently and thoroughly followed his own method, he would have concluded that:

Select one:

a. nonhuman animals have minds just as humans do

b. nonhuman animals have innate ideas just as humans do

c. both human and nonhuman animals are automata

d. intelligence and brain size are highly correlated

both human and nonhuman animals are automata

It was the metaphor of humans as ____ that especially appealed to the French sensationalists.

Select one:

a. statues

b. machines

c. animals

d. free-agents

machines

Locke's major argument against the existence of innate ideas was that:

Select one:

a. no gene was available to transmit an idea

b. the French seemed to have more of them than either the English or the Germans

c. if ideas were innate, all humans would have them, and they do not

d. the only way to prove their existence was by mathematical deduction

If ideas were innate, all humans would have the, and they do not

____ was the belief that the only valid knowledge was scientific knowledge, and that science could solve all human problems.

Select one:

a. Scientism

b. Utilitarianism

c. Radical environmentalism

d. Natural religion

Scientism

For Hobbes, choice was:

a. what distinguished human from nonhuman animals

b. nothing more than a verbal label we use to describe the attractions and aversions we experience while interacting with the environment

c. what government makes possible

d. impossible without innate ideas of morality

nothing more than a verbal label we use to describe the attractions and aversions we experience while interacting with the environment

Concerning the mind-body relationship, Hobbes denied the existence of a nonmaterial mind; therefore, he was a

a. interactionist

b. epiphenomenalist

c. psychophysical parallelist

d. physical monist

physical monist

Locke believed that all human emotions were derived from:

Select one:

a. sensory experience

b. the feeling of pleasure and pain

c. innate moral principles

d. despair and hope

the feeling of pleasure and pain

Kant believed the categories of thought to be:

Select one:

a. relatively unimportant

b. derived from experience

c. innate

d. present everywhere in nature

innate

Condillac was convinced that all of the powers that Locke attributed to the mind could be observed simply from the abilities to:

Select one:

a. sense

b. remember

c. experience pleasure and pain

d. all of these choices

all of these choices

According to Spinoza, all human emotions were derived from:

Select one:

a. notions of good and evil

b. the experiences of pleasure and pain

c. the passions

d. love and hate

the experiences of pleasure and pain

According to Reid, the mind reasoned and the stomach digested food because:

Select one:

a. both were related to survival

b. they were innately disposed to do so

c. God willed it that way

d. both the stomach and the mind were machines

they were innately disposed to do so

According to Kant:

Select one:

a. we must be forever ignorant of physical reality

b. Hume's contention that we can never know the physical world was just plain silly

c. physical reality is just as we perceive it to be

d. we can trust that our sensory experience accurately reflects physical reality because God would not deceive us

ignorant of physical reality

About psychology, Kant believed:

Select one:

a. that in order for it to be a science, it must focus on empirical research

b. that in order for it to be a science, it must focus on the categories of thought

c. psychology could not become an experimental science

d. that the mind must be studied scientifically through introspection

psychology could not become an experimental science

According to Herbart, if material presented to a student is not compatible with his or her apperceptive mass, the material will:

Select one:

a. cause anxiety

b. be rejected or at least will not be understood

c. create an approach-avoidance conflict

d. cause a creative change in the apperceptive mass

be rejected or at least will not be understood

Herbart used this term to describe the force used to hold ideas incompatible with the apperceptive mass in the unconscious.

a. limen

b. apperceptive mass

c. repression

d. psychic mechanics

repression

Which of the following is a common misconception of faculty psychologists?

Select one:

a. faculty psychologists are those who refer to various mental abilities in their descriptions of the mind

b. faculty meant a classification category

c. a faculty of the mind was housed in a specific location in the brain

d. mental faculties are active powers of the mind

a faculty of the mind was housed in a specific location in the brain

According to Herbart, an idea was allowed to enter consciousness if it was:

Select one:

a. compatible with a person's moral code

b. adaptive

c. compatible with the apperceptive mass

d. clear and intense

compatible with the apperceptive mass

Spinoza believed the master motive for human behavior and thought to be:

a. self-preservation

b. self-actualization

c. utilitarianism

d. repressed memories

self-preservation

In accounting for behavior, the empiricist tended to emphasize ____, whereas the rationalist tended to emphasize ____.

a. causes; reasons

b. reasons; causes

c. associative principles; hedonism

d. hedonism; associative principles

Causes; reasons

La Mettrie believed that:

Select one:

a. humans were morally superior to nonhuman animals

b. religion had done much to improve the human condition

c. atheism had done much to worsen the human condition

d. accepting atheism and materialism would lead to a more humane world

accepting atheism and materialism would lead to a more humane world

La Mettrie believed all of the following except that:

a. humans were qualitatively different from nonhuman animals

b. as brain size increases so does level of intelligence

c. if primates could be taught language they would be like humans in almost all respects

d. the smaller the brain the fiercer the animal

humans were qualitatively different from nonhuman animals

James Mill maintained that any mental experience could be

Select one:

a. primary qualities

b. neural mechanisms

c. vibratiuncles

d. the simple ideas of which it is constructed

the simple ideas of which it is constructed

Which of the following is not one of Hume's laws of association?

a. law of opposition

b. law of resemblance

c. law of contiguity

d. law of cause and effect

law of opposition

What did Hume refer to as an "inexplicable mystery"?

Select one:

a. Berkeley

b. philosophy

c. religion

d. innate ideas

religion

Because Comte believed that science should be practical and nonspeculative, his view of science was very similar to that of:

a. the Scholastics

b. Popper

c. Bacon

d. Descartes

bacon

Hume's goal was to combine ____ with principles of ____ to create a science of human nature.

Select one:

a. rational philosophy; association

b. empirical philosophy; association

c. empirical philosophy; Newtonian science

d. innate ideas; Newtonian science

empirical philosophy; Newtonian science

According to John Stuart Mill, meteorology, tidology, and psychology were inexact sciences because their ____ were not understood.

Select one:

a. primary laws

b. secondary laws

c. first principles

d. essences

secondary laws

According to ____, the best government was one that provided the greatest amount of happiness to the greatest number of people.

Select one:

a. empiricism

b. utilitarianism

c. rationalism

d. interactionism

Utilitarianism

For Hartley, the only process that converted simple ideas into complex ideas was:

a. abstract thought

b. reflection

c. association

d. imagination

association

Comte and Mach had in common the belief that:

Select one:

a. only overt behavior could be studied objectively

b. only the immediate conscious experience of a scientist could be studied

c. metaphysical speculation must be avoided

d. the only valid tool available for studying humans was introspection

metaphysical speculation must be avoided

Hobbes' explanation of "trains of thought" relied on:

a. the existence of innate ideas

b. the ancient law of contiguity

c. Descartes' philosophy

d. free will

the ancient law of contiguity

Kant believed the categories of thought to be:

a. relatively unimportant

b. derived from experience

c. innate

d. present everywhere in nature

innate correct

All of the following were true of Comte's proposed utopian society except:

a. humanity replaced God

b. scientists and philosophers replaced priests

c. it relied heavily on the natural selflessness and moral resolution of women

d. its political philosophy was utilitarianism

its political philosophy was utilitarianism

According to Herbart, the ____ contained all of the ideas to which we were attending.

a. mind

b. empirical ego

c. apperceptive mass

d. transcendental ego

apperceptive mass

For Leibniz, his monadology gave consciousness to:

a. God only

b. only God and humans

c. only God, humans and nonhuman animals

d. everything in the universe

everything in the universe

According to Reid, we could trust our notions about the physical world because:

a. of the acuteness of the senses

b. it made common sense to do so

c. Hume's logic was faulty

d. such notions are innate

it made common sense to do so

Which of the following is a common misconception of faculty psychologists?

a. faculty psychologists are those who refer to various mental abilities in their descriptions of the mind

b. faculty meant a classification category

c. a faculty of the mind was housed in a specific location in the brain

d. mental faculties are active powers of the mind

a faculty of the mind was housed in a specific location in the brain

Herbart felt psychology could not be an experimental science because:

Select one:

a. humans possess a free will

b. the mind could not be fractionated for analysis

c. it diminished human dignity

d. subjective experience could not be studied objectively

the mind could be fractionated for analysis