Uncle Tom’s Cabin
A novel by Harriet Beecher Stowe published in 1852 that depicted the harsh realities of slavery and galvanized the abolitionist movement.
Harriet Beecher Stowe
An American author and abolitionist whose novel Uncle Tom’s Cabin played a key role in shaping public opinion against slavery.
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Uncle Tom’s Cabin
A novel by Harriet Beecher Stowe published in 1852 that depicted the harsh realities of slavery and galvanized the abolitionist movement.
Harriet Beecher Stowe
An American author and abolitionist whose novel Uncle Tom’s Cabin played a key role in shaping public opinion against slavery.
Impending Crisis of the South
A book by Hinton Rowan Helper in 1857 that argued against slavery, claiming it harmed the economic prospects of non-slaveholding whites in the South.
New England Emigrant Aid Company
An organization formed in 1854 to promote anti-slavery settlement in Kansas and help influence whether it would become a free state.
Lecompton Constitution
A pro-slavery constitution proposed for Kansas’ admission to the Union, sparking controversy and eventually being rejected.
Bleeding Kansas
A series of violent confrontations between pro-slavery and anti-slavery factions in Kansas from 1854 to 1859 over whether it would be a free or slave state.
Sumner’s beating by Brooks in the Senate
In 1856, pro-slavery Congressman Preston Brooks attacked abolitionist Senator Charles Sumner with a cane on the Senate floor after Sumner gave an anti-slavery speech.
Dred Scott v. Sanford Decision
An 1857 Supreme Court ruling that declared African Americans were not U.S. citizens and that Congress had no power to prohibit slavery in federal territories.
Panic of 1857
A financial crisis in the U.S. caused by declining international economies and overexpansion of the domestic economy, deepening sectional tensions.
Tariff of 1857
A law that lowered duties on imports in response to a surplus in federal revenue, supported by Southern states but criticized by Northern industrialists.
Lincoln-Douglas Debates
A series of debates in 1858 between Abraham Lincoln and Stephen Douglas during the Illinois Senate race, focusing on slavery and states’ rights.
Freeport Question/Doctrine
A doctrine articulated by Stephen Douglas during the Lincoln-Douglas Debates, suggesting that territories could exclude slavery by not adopting laws to protect it.
Harper’s Ferry
A failed 1859 raid led by abolitionist John Brown on a federal arsenal in Virginia, aimed at starting a slave uprising.
Republican Party
Founded in the 1850s, it was a political party opposed to the expansion of slavery into new territories and states.
Crittenden Amendments
Proposed amendments in 1860 by Senator John Crittenden to protect slavery in the South and prevent secession, ultimately unsuccessful.
Abraham Lincoln
The 16th President of the United States, serving from 1861 to 1865, who led the nation during the Civil War and issued the Emancipation Proclamation.
Roger B. Taney
The Chief Justice of the Supreme Court who delivered the majority opinion in the Dred Scott decision, denying citizenship to African Americans.
South Carolina & Secession
South Carolina was the first state to secede from the Union in 1860, sparking the secession of other Southern states and the beginning of the Civil War.
Fort Sumter
A federal fort in Charleston Harbor, South Carolina, where the first shots of the Civil War were fired in April 1861.
Border States
Slave states like Kentucky, Maryland, and Missouri that did not secede from the Union during the Civil War.
Writ of Habeas Corpus
A legal protection against unlawful detention, suspended by Lincoln during the Civil War to suppress dissent and rebellion.
New York Draft Riots
Violent protests in 1863 against the Union draft, primarily by working-class New Yorkers, many of whom opposed fighting for the emancipation of slaves.
Morrill Tariff Act
A tariff passed in 1861 that increased duties on imports to protect American industries and generate revenue for the Union war effort.
National Banking System
A system established during the Civil War to create a stable national currency and stimulate the sale of war bonds.
Greenbacks
Paper currency issued by the Union government during the Civil War, not backed by gold or silver but by the government’s promise to pay.
Homestead Act
A law passed in 1862 that granted 160 acres of public land to settlers for a small fee, promoting westward expansion.
U.S. Sanitary Commission
A civilian organization that supported Union soldiers during the Civil War by providing medical care, supplies, and sanitary services.
Clara Barton
A nurse during the Civil War who later founded the American Red Cross, known for her efforts in battlefield medical care.
Jefferson Davis
The President of the Confederate States of America from 1861 to 1865, leading the South during the Civil War.