APUSH 18-19 Definitions

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Uncle Tom’s Cabin

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A novel by Harriet Beecher Stowe published in 1852 that depicted the harsh realities of slavery and galvanized the abolitionist movement.

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Harriet Beecher Stowe

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An American author and abolitionist whose novel Uncle Tom’s Cabin played a key role in shaping public opinion against slavery.

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29 Terms

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Uncle Tom’s Cabin

A novel by Harriet Beecher Stowe published in 1852 that depicted the harsh realities of slavery and galvanized the abolitionist movement.

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Harriet Beecher Stowe

An American author and abolitionist whose novel Uncle Tom’s Cabin played a key role in shaping public opinion against slavery.

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Impending Crisis of the South

A book by Hinton Rowan Helper in 1857 that argued against slavery, claiming it harmed the economic prospects of non-slaveholding whites in the South.

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New England Emigrant Aid Company

An organization formed in 1854 to promote anti-slavery settlement in Kansas and help influence whether it would become a free state.

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Lecompton Constitution

A pro-slavery constitution proposed for Kansas’ admission to the Union, sparking controversy and eventually being rejected.

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Bleeding Kansas

A series of violent confrontations between pro-slavery and anti-slavery factions in Kansas from 1854 to 1859 over whether it would be a free or slave state.

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Sumner’s beating by Brooks in the Senate

In 1856, pro-slavery Congressman Preston Brooks attacked abolitionist Senator Charles Sumner with a cane on the Senate floor after Sumner gave an anti-slavery speech.

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Dred Scott v. Sanford Decision

An 1857 Supreme Court ruling that declared African Americans were not U.S. citizens and that Congress had no power to prohibit slavery in federal territories.

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Panic of 1857

A financial crisis in the U.S. caused by declining international economies and overexpansion of the domestic economy, deepening sectional tensions.

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Tariff of 1857

A law that lowered duties on imports in response to a surplus in federal revenue, supported by Southern states but criticized by Northern industrialists.

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Lincoln-Douglas Debates

A series of debates in 1858 between Abraham Lincoln and Stephen Douglas during the Illinois Senate race, focusing on slavery and states’ rights.

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Freeport Question/Doctrine

A doctrine articulated by Stephen Douglas during the Lincoln-Douglas Debates, suggesting that territories could exclude slavery by not adopting laws to protect it.

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Harper’s Ferry

A failed 1859 raid led by abolitionist John Brown on a federal arsenal in Virginia, aimed at starting a slave uprising.

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Republican Party

Founded in the 1850s, it was a political party opposed to the expansion of slavery into new territories and states.

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Crittenden Amendments

Proposed amendments in 1860 by Senator John Crittenden to protect slavery in the South and prevent secession, ultimately unsuccessful.

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Abraham Lincoln

The 16th President of the United States, serving from 1861 to 1865, who led the nation during the Civil War and issued the Emancipation Proclamation.

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Roger B. Taney

The Chief Justice of the Supreme Court who delivered the majority opinion in the Dred Scott decision, denying citizenship to African Americans.

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South Carolina & Secession

South Carolina was the first state to secede from the Union in 1860, sparking the secession of other Southern states and the beginning of the Civil War.

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Fort Sumter

A federal fort in Charleston Harbor, South Carolina, where the first shots of the Civil War were fired in April 1861.

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Border States

Slave states like Kentucky, Maryland, and Missouri that did not secede from the Union during the Civil War.

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Writ of Habeas Corpus

A legal protection against unlawful detention, suspended by Lincoln during the Civil War to suppress dissent and rebellion.

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New York Draft Riots

Violent protests in 1863 against the Union draft, primarily by working-class New Yorkers, many of whom opposed fighting for the emancipation of slaves.

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Morrill Tariff Act

A tariff passed in 1861 that increased duties on imports to protect American industries and generate revenue for the Union war effort.

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National Banking System

A system established during the Civil War to create a stable national currency and stimulate the sale of war bonds.

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Greenbacks

Paper currency issued by the Union government during the Civil War, not backed by gold or silver but by the government’s promise to pay.

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Homestead Act

A law passed in 1862 that granted 160 acres of public land to settlers for a small fee, promoting westward expansion.

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U.S. Sanitary Commission

A civilian organization that supported Union soldiers during the Civil War by providing medical care, supplies, and sanitary services.

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Clara Barton

A nurse during the Civil War who later founded the American Red Cross, known for her efforts in battlefield medical care.

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Jefferson Davis

The President of the Confederate States of America from 1861 to 1865, leading the South during the Civil War.