paper 1 evaluation

ainsworth and bell

ainsworth and bell

high inter rater reliability (0.94)

allen and levine

confomity decreased on a task involving visual judgement if there was social support from a dissenter, even if he wore thick glasses

baddeley

asked ppts to do either two visual tasks, or one visual and one auditory - performance was worse on two visual tasks

baddeley and hitch

rugby players were asked to recall all the teams they had played that season - those who had been out for games could remember more games because they had less information since then

bailey et al

mothers who had poor relationships with their own mothers had children whose attachment was also classified as poor

banuazizi

gave students info about the SPE and they guessed the purpose of the experiment and how the ppts would act - may have been demand characteristics.

bashir et al

some minority groups such as environmental activists or feminists have negative stereotypes associated with them which can be offputting for outsiders

beardsley

the pfc is active during stm and not ltm

belleville et al

found that older people who took part in an intervention to improve memory performed better on a test of episodic memory than controls

bickman

three confederates in different outfits (suit and tie, milkman, security guard) gave orders - people were twice as likely to take orders from the security guard than suit and tie

bifulco et al

25% of women who experienced separation from their mothers later experienced depression/anxiety, but only 15% of those who had no experience of separation did - problems were greater when separation was before age 6

blass and schmitt

showed a film of milgrams study to students and asked them to identify who was responsible - they blamed the experimenter not the learner

bothwell et al

assessed ppts for neuroticism and stability and found that those who had high neuroticism had higher levels of stress and thus lower reliability of ewt

boury et al

used the beck depression inventory to monitor ppt's negative thoughts and found that people with depression misinterpret facts and experiences in a neg way

brandimote et al

ppts used visual coding in stm if they were given a visual task and prevented from doing any verbal rehearsal in the retention interval

braun et al

students were asked to evaluate promotional material for disney that contained cutouts of bugs bunny or ariel or neither (neither of them had been at disney when the students visited) students who saw them were likely to have reported shaking hands with them.

brazelton et al

when primary caregivers ignored babies' signals, the babies showed distress and then curled up and became motionless

cooper et al

made the circle of security project which aimed to teach caregivers to better understand infants - showed an increase in securely attached infants

cowan

reviewed studies on capacity of stm and found that it is limited to about 4 chunks

cromer et al

half of the ocd patients suffered a traumatic event in their past, ocd was more severe if more than one traumatic event was suffered

david et al

used 170 patients struggling with depression and found that those treated with 14 weeks of REBT had better outcomes than those treated with drugs 6 months later

di gallo

20% of people who experienced car accidents have phobias of cars now

dollard and miller

babies are fed 2000 times in their first year, generally by the primary caregiver, so this is how attachment forms

eslinger and damasio

studied EVR who had a cerebral tumour removed who performed well on tests using reasoning (suggesting CE was intact) but had bad decision making skills (suggesting it wasnt fully intact)

fromm

suggested zimbardo exaggerated the power of the situation and minimised dispositional factors - whilst some guards were brutal, others were fair or sympathised with prisoners

gilroy et al

patients treated for spider phobia by SD were less fearful after 3/33 months than those without SD

glanzer and cunitz

asked ppts to remember 20 words and found that they remembered the first and last words the best, supporting the msm (primacy effect - ltm, recency effect - stm)

goodwin et al

48 students were either drunk or sober and had to perform tasks eg word association and photo recognition. they then either redid this drunk or sober. performance in mismatched conditions was worse.

guiton

chicks exposed to yellow gloves in their first few weeks became imprinted on the gloves

hodges and patterson

found some alzheimers patients can form new episodic memories but not semantic

hofling et al

nurses were telephoned by 'dr smith' who asked them to give a double dosage of a drug to a patient - although they are not meant to, 95% did

holliday

children were either given a standard interview or a cognitive interview specifically designed for children and found that the ci produced more accurate information

irish et al

found some alzheimers patients can form new semantic but not episodic

isabella

observed 30 mothers, found high levels of synchrony associated with better attachment

jin et al

found that in korean children the overall proportions of insecure and secure were similar to the original strange situation, but only one child was avoidant and most were resistant

julien

studies of ssris show that although symptoms dont fully leave, between 50-80% show improvement

kagan

attachment type is more linked to personality of the infant than the relationship with the primary attachment figure, so the strange situation doesnt measure attachment but anxiety

kagan

suggested that babies attachment was to do with their personality

kane and eagle

individuals with a greater wmm span were less susceptible to proactive interference

kebbell and wagstaff

diff police forces use different aspects of the CI so it is difficult to fully evaluate its effectiveness

kilham and mann

in australia only 16% went to the highest voltage

koepke et al

did not find evidence of specific imitation of facial/hand gestures from children

kohnken et al

meta analysis and found on average a 34% increase in amount of correct info generated in the CI - however also found an increase in incorrect information reported

lewis

repeated 44 thieves with 500 children - found that prolonged separation did not predict criminality

lucas

found that students would conform more when answering difficult mathematical problems than easy ones

mackie

majority influence creates deeper processing, not minority

main and soloman

added an additional category of attachment - insecure disorganised, who have a lack of consistent social behaviour

mantell

in germany 85% went to the top of the voltage scale

mcgeoch and mcdonald

ppts had to learn a list of 10 words and then another list of 6 - eg. synonyms, antonyms, no list, etc. those who had the most similar material produced the worst recall

mcghee and teevan

students in need of high affilliation (care more about being liked) were more likely to conform - individual diffs in NSI

meltzoff

suggested that caregiver/infant interaction can allow infants to get an understanfing of what others are thinking or feeling

milgram and elms

found a correlation between high f scale score and high obedience in milgrams original study

milne and bull

ppts recall was higher when a combinatoon of 'recall everything' and 'context reinstatement' were used

miranda et al

found obedience of 80% in spanish student using milgrams variations suggesting cross cultural reliability

mori and arai

three ppts wore identical glasses and one wore differently polarised filters - all saw the same stimulus but one genuinely saw it differently. found diff results for males but similar to the original study for females

clarke

found that minority could make a majority change their mind but only with evidence and it helped if someone did it first

nairne

found that items in stm could be recalled after as long as 96 seconds

nemeth

minority dissenters 'open the mind' as people search for information, consider more options and make better decisions

nemeth and brilmayer

studied the role of flexibility in a simulated jury situation - a confederate who showed some compromise could exert influence on the group whereas one who did not compromise didnt

nestadt et al

reviewed twin studies and found that 68% of identical twins shared ocd (only 31% for non identical)

nolan et al

asked people about what factors affected their energy usage - people believed that their neighbours' usage had nothing to do with their own usage but research showed it does

o'kearney et al

found cbt effective at treating children and adolescents with ocd, but more effective when combined with drugs

orne and holland

suggested that people guessed the aims of milgrams experiment

ougrin

flooding is highly effective and cheaper than alternatives

overton

two groups of rats: one drugged and one not. they were put in a maze and taught to escape. the group who were drugged could not remember the way out when they were not drugged

perrin and spencer

found conformity of 0.25% among engineering students but higher in criminals - individual diffs in conformity

perry

listened to tapes of milgrams ppts who reported doubts about shocks

pickel

conducted a study using scissors, a handgun, a wallet and a raw chicken to test weapon focus effect - found that accuracy was poorer with handgun and chicken

rank and jacobson

repeated hoflings experiment except the drug was real and they were allowed to consult peers - only 11% did

robertson and robertson

took children facing short-term separation into their home, giving them an alternate attachment - this prevented severe psychological damage

rokeach

pointed out that left wing political views are also associated with destruction and violence eg stalin, so the explanation of the closed mind (rigid thinking) may explain obedience better

sagi et al

compared attachments of children raised in communal environments and those raised in family-based arrangements - attachment with mothers was twice as close in family based arrangements

schaffer and emerson

many babies developed attachments to their mothers despite other people doing the feeding - attachment is due to responsiveness

schahter et al

compared to younger people old people have difficulty remembering the source of their information

schultz et al

hotel guests exposed to the message that 75% of guests reused their towels reduced their usage by 25%

schurz

used a procedure in which ppts were told to give ultrasound shocks to a learner - 80% went to the highest level but LOC measures were not predictive of obedience levels

sheridan and king

used the milgram paradigm but with puppies - 54% of men and 100% of women gave fatal shocks, suggesting milgrams research is genuine

simpson et al

found that infants who were securely attached grew up to be closer to friends age 16, be more expressive and more emotionally attached to romantic partners, and overall be more socially competent

smith et al

analysed results of the asch paradigm across many cultures - for individualistic cultures it was much lower (average 25%) and for collectivist it was higher (37%)

soomoro et al

side effects of ssris are nausea, headaches and insomnia

spiers et al

studied memory in amnesia patients who had intact procedual memory but not episodic or semantic

squire et al

used brain scanning and found the hippocampus is active when ltm is being used

tulving

episodic and semantic memories are both recalled from the pfc - semantic on left, episodic on right

turner et al

evidence of a publication bias towards studies which show a positive outcome of antidepressant treatment

holland

repeated milgrams study and found that 23% of external loc did not go to the maximum compared to 37% of internal

valentine and mesout

when asked to identify someone who was chasing them in a labyrinth in the london dungeon, the people who had high anxiety gave fewer correct details and made more mistakes - 17% identified him compared to 75% of low anxiety condition

van ijzendoorn and sagi

distributions of attachment points in tokyo were similar to the original strange situations but in rural areas it was more insecure resistant

wartner et al

used the strange situation in germany and found that 78% of children were classified the same way at ages 1 and 6

wells and olson

mistaken ewt was the biggest factor contributing to innocent people being convicted

zaragoza and mccloskey

ppts in lab studies might guess information to try and be helpful when they dont know it.

zhang et al

there were low levels of serotonin in peoplw who are depressed and found a gene related to this is 10x more common in depressed people - cognitive approach ignores bio factors

zimmerman

found no relationship between infant and adolescent attachment types

loftus and burns

found that ppts who saw a violent crime had impaired recall of events up to this