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Psychoactive Drug

Chemicals that alter perceptions, mood, consciousness, cognition, or behavior by altering neural transmission.

Depressants

Drugs that reduce neural activity and slow body functions; examples include sedatives, tranquilizers, barbiturates, opiates, and alcohol.

Stimulants

Drugs that excite neural activity and speed bodily functions, with caffeine and nicotine being the most common examples.

Opioids

Substances that reduce the experience of pain and increase pleasure.

Addiction

Compulsive drug craving and use, despite negative consequences.

Tolerance

The need to take larger doses of a drug to experience its effects due to the body's adaptation.

Dependence

Physical and psychological reliance on a substance, leading to withdrawal symptoms without it.

Withdrawal

Physical and psychological effects that occur when discontinuing use of an addictive drug, including anxiety and cravings.

Circadian Rhythm

A 24-hour cycle of varying alertness, body temperature, and hormone secretion regulated by light exposure.

Melatonin

A hormone that increases in secretion when light decreases, regulating the body's 24-hour clock.

REM Sleep

Rapid Eye Movement sleep characterized by rapid eye movement, high brain activity, and dreaming.

Freud's Theory of Dreams

Proposes that dreams satisfy unconscious desires, distinguishing between manifest and latent content.

Restorative Theory of Sleep

Suggests that sleep is necessary for the repair of the body and brain, with growth hormone released during deep sleep.

Circadian Rhythm Theory

Indicates that sleep serves to keep animals quiet when they are most vulnerable, providing an evolutionary advantage.

Sleep Deprivation Effects

Includes decreased cognitive function, increased reaction time, fatigue, weight gain, depression, and a compromised immune system.

Sleep Disorders

Conditions affecting sleep, including insomnia, sleep apnea, sleepwalking, narcolepsy, and REM behavior disorder.