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States of matter, Mixtures, Separation techniques
The 3 states of matter
Solid, liquid and gas
Solid particle arrangement
Regular + Very close
Liquid particle arrangement
Irregular/random + Close
Gas particle arrangement
Irregular/random + Far apart
Movement of solid particles
Vibrate in fixed positions/around a fixed point
Movement of liquid particles
Particles slide around each other
Movement of gas particles
Move in random directions at random speeds
Physical change
A non permanent change as no new product is formed; can be reversed via heating or cooling
Melting
Solid to liquid
Freezing/Solidify
Liquid to solid
Evaporation/Boiling
Liquid to gas
Condensation
Gas to Liquid
Sublimation
Solid to gas
Deposition
Gas to solid
Solid to liquid
Melting
Liquid to solid
Freezing/Solidify
Liquid to gas
Evaporating/Boiling
Gas to liquid
Condensing
Solid to gas
Subliming
Gas to solid
Deposoition
Heating curve
A graph for a substance being heated comparing time against temperature
Melting point
The temperature at which a solid converts into a liquid (Melt).
Boiling point
The temperature at which a liquid converts into a gas (evaporation).
Boiling point of water
100 degrees Celsius
Melting point of water
0 degrees Celsius
Atom
Basic building block of all substances
Element
Substance made of only one type of atom
Mixture
A substance containing 2 or more elements/atoms, not chemically combined.
Compound
A substance containing 2 or more elements/atoms, chemically combined.
Element
Substance containing only 1 type of atom.
Pure substance
Substance containing only 1 type of atom/element/compound with a fixed composition.
Internal energy
Total amount of kinetic and potential energy in a system.
Kinetic energy
Store of energy in a moving object.
Solute
Substance that dissolves in the solvent.
Solvent
The liquid a solute dissolves in.
Solution
A mixture of solute dissolved in a solvent.
Soluble
When a substance can be dissolved by a liquid
Insoluble
When a substance cannot be dissolved by a liquid
Still
A simple form of distillation that doesn’t used a condenser
Dissolving
A process causing solute particles to fill spaces between solvent particles.
Distillation
A separation technique to separate a liquid from a solution and get a pure liquid.
Condenser
A glass tube surrounded by ice/cool water
Anti bumping granules
Make the liquid boil smoother to decrease the risk of large bubbles boiling over.
Fractional Distillation
A separation technique used to separate a mixture of two or more different liquids with similar boiling points.
Fraction
A liquid with the same boiling point
Fractioning column
A tall grass column used in fractional distillation to give a better separation of the liquids
Filtration
A separation technique where large insoluble substances are trapped, allowing the solvent and dissolved solutes to pass through
Residue
The large insoluble substances that are too big to flow through the holes of the filter paper; trapped there
Filtrate
The smaller soluble solutes and the solvent that can flow through the filter paper into the conical flask
Conical flask
Collects filtrate at the end
Filtrate paper
Traps large insoluble substances (residue)
Crystallisation
A separation technique where solutes are separated from the solution by evaporating the solvent until only the solutes are left
Saturated solution
A solution in which no more solute can dissolve
Hazard
Something that can cause harm
Risk
The chance a hazard will cause carm
Risk Assessment
Examining all the hazards that could cause harm in an experiment
Paper chromatography
A separation technique to separate a mixture of soluble substances
Mobile phase
Where molecules can move (The solvent)
Stationary phase
Where the molecules cannot move
Solvent front
The highest point the mobile phase (water) reaches
Chromatogram
Name for the chromatography paper when the coloured compounds have been separated
Potable water
Water that is safe to drink (doesn’t mean it’s pure)
Desalination
A type of distillation to purify sea water by heating the water to get pure water
Sedimentation
The process of water flowing very slowly allowing large and insoluble substances to settle or sink to the bottom
Sterilisation
Addinh Alright ozone chlorine or UV light to kill microorganisms
Note 
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