DNA, RNA, and Protein Synthesis

DNA is made of (1)

Nucleotides (1)

What makes up DNA nucleotide

Deoxyribose, phosphate group, base

Purine (2 rings)

Adenine, guanine

Pyrimidines (1 ring)

Cytosine, thymine

Nucleotides can be joined together in ___ order

any

Chargaff discovered

Base pairing (percentages of g and c are equal) (and percentages of t and a are equal)

Rosalind franklin used x-ray diffraction to discover DNA

Twisted (latter)

Watson and Crick built model that explained how DNA ____ _____ and could be ____

Carried information, copied

Watson and Cricks model was the

Double Helix

Bonds between bases are

Hydrogen bonds (Watson and Crick)

Histones

Proteins which DNA is tightly coiled around

DNA and Histones molecules form

Nucleosomes

Nucleosomes pack together forming a

thick fiber

Nucleus contains more than ___ _______ of DNA

1 meter

DNA replication occurs during

S phase

DNA is located in the ___ which are in the _____

Chromosomes, nucleus

Replication forks are

sites where separation and replication occur

Helicase is

The first enzyme that unwinds and unzips during replication (the hydrogen bonds)

DNA Polymerase

attaches new bases to old and proof-reads during replication

Genes (made in ribosomes)

coded DNA instructions that control the production of proteins

RNA contains coded information for making

Proteins (made of amino acid)

RNA consists of

Nucleotides

RNA nucleotide contains

Ribose, phosphate group and base

RNA is single/double stranded

Single

RNA contains ___ in place of ____

Uracil, thymine

mRNA

carries copies of instructions for assembling amino acids into proteins (goes into the nucleus)

tRNA

transfers each amino acid to ribosomes (contains anticodons and are free in cell) a truck

rRNA

structural support for ribosome

transcription

DNA coped into a complementary sequence in RNA

Transcription requires the enzyme

RNA polymerase

RNA polymerase only binds to regions of DNA called

Promoters

Promoters are

signals of DNA that indicate to the enzyme where to bind to make RNA

Codons are

Three consecutive nucleotides on mRNA

Introns are

sequences of nucleotides that re not involved in coding for proteins

Exons are

Sequences of nucleotides that are involved in coding for proteins (not cut out)

Each codon specifies a specific ____ ____ that is to be placed on the polypeptide chain

Amino acid

Translation starts when ___ leaves the ____

mRNA, Nucleus

During transcription to RNA polymerase binds to DNA and ____ the ___ ____

Separates, DNA strands

_____ are cut out of rn molecules, ____ are spliced together to for mRNA

Introns, Exons

Amino acids can be specified by ____ ____ ___ codon.

More than one

Translation

Decoding of and mRNA message into polypeptide chain (protein)

transicprtion occurs in the

Nucleus

Translation occurs in

ribosomes

During translation amino acid is brough to ribosome by ___, adn ___ ___ is transferred to the growing polypeptide chain (protein)

tRNA, amino acid

Each tRNA molecule carries ___ amino acid and ___ unpaired bases.

1, 3

The unpaired bases on a tRNA molecule are called

Anticodons

DNA stays in the

Nucleus

Amino acids are joined together by ____ ____

Peptide bonds

During _____ the cell uses information from messenger RNA to produce proteins

Translation

The proper ___ ____ is brought to ribosome by ____ (translation)

Amino acid, tRNA

Each tRNA molecule carries __ ___ of amino acid

One type

The tRNA molecule in addition to the amino acid carries three ___ ___

Unpaired bases

DNA has the ____ ____ or _____ and it stays in the _____

Master plan, Blueprint nucleus

RNA molecules go into protein building sites in the ____

cytoplasm

____ contain instructions for assembling proteins

Genes

Mutations are

changes sin the genetic material

mutations that occur in a single gene are

Gene mutations

mutations that change whole chromosomes are known as

Chromosomal mutations

Gene mutations involving a change in one or a few nucleotides are known as ____ ____ because they occur at a single point in the DNA sequence

point mutations

Substitutions

affect no more than a single amino acid

Point mutations include ____ ____ and ____

Substitutions, insertions deletions

Addition or deletion causes a shift in grouping which is called

frameshift mutations

Insertion

Extra base is added to sequence

deletion

there is a single base that has been deleted

chromosomal mutations include

deletions, duplications, inversions, and translocations

deletions involve

the loss of all or part of chromosome

duplications produce

extra copies of parts of a chromosome

inversions reserve

the direction of parts of chromosomes

Translocations

occurs when part of one chromosome’s breaks off and attaches to another

Polyploidy is

the condition in which an organism has extra sets of chromosomes

DNA is ____ charged and travels toward ____ end

negatively, positive

shorter fragments travel ____ (electrophoresis)

faster