d and f block (transition metal )

Transition elements

A group of metals studied separately from non-transition elements.

Valence theory

The theory that applies to both non-transition and transition elements.

Precious metals

Metals like silver, gold, and platinum that belong to the transition metals series.

D-block

The section of the periodic table that contains the transition elements.

D-orbitals

Orbitals in the penultimate energy level of atoms that receive electrons in transition elements.

Electronic configuration

The arrangement of electrons in the outer orbitals of transition elements.

Exceptions

Deviations from the general electronic configuration due to energy differences and orbital stability.

Inner d orbitals

Orbitals in transition elements that can have one to ten electrons.

Outermost ns orbital

Orbital in transition elements that can have one or two electrons.

Influence of d orbitals

The greater influence of d orbitals compared to s and p orbitals in transition elements.

Magnetic and electronic properties

Similar properties exhibited by ions with the same dn configuration.

Characteristic properties

Properties exhibited by transition elements with partly filled d orbitals.

Catalytic behavior

The ability of transition metals and their compounds to act as catalysts.

Group similarities

Similarities observed among transition elements within the same group.

Metallic properties

Typical properties exhibited by transition elements, such as high tensile strength and electrical conductivity.

Melting and boiling points

High temperatures at which transition metals melt and boil.

Enthalpy of atomization

The energy required to separate one mole of a metal into its individual atoms.

Atomic radii

The size of atoms in a given series, which can vary due to electron configurations.

Lanthanoid contraction

The decrease in atomic and ionic radii from lanthanum to lutetium.

Ionisation enthalpy

The energy required to remove an electron from a neutral atom or ion.

Oxidation states

The different possible states of transition elements based on electron configurations.

Stability of oxidation states

The factors that determine the stability of different oxidation states in transition elements.

Magnetic moments

The presence of unpaired electrons in transition metal ions that contribute to their magnetic properties.

Exchange energy

The energy associated with the arrangement of electrons in degenerate orbitals.

Common oxidation states

The most frequently observed oxidation states of transition elements.

Variability of oxidation states

The ability of transition elements to exhibit multiple oxidation states.

EV (M3+/M2+) values

The values that reflect the stability of different oxidation states in transition metals.

Chemical reactivity

The ability of transition metals to undergo chemical reactions with acids and oxidizing agents.

EV values

The values that indicate the tendency of M2+/M to form divalent cations, which decrease across the series.

Ionization enthalpies

The sum of the first and second ionization enthalpies, which increases and relates to the trend of EV values for M2+/M.

Mn, Ni, and Zn

Transition metals with EV values that are more negative than expected from the general trend.

Stability of half-filled d subshell

The stability of Mn2+ due to the half-filled d subshell, related to its Ee value.

Stability of completely filled d subshell

The stability of zinc due to the completely filled d subshell, related to its Ee value.

Highest negative enthalpy of hydration

The Eo value of nickel, which is related to its highest negative enthalpy of hydration.

Mn3+ and Co3+

The strongest oxidizing agents in aqueous solutions among transition metal ions.

Ti2+, V2+, and Cr2+

Strong reducing agents that can liberate hydrogen from a dilute acid among transition metal ions.

Paramagnetism

A type of magnetic behavior observed when a magnetic field is applied to substances.

Unpaired electrons

Electrons that have a magnetic moment associated with their spin and orbital angular momentum.

Magnetic moment

The measure of the number of unpaired electrons in an atom, molecule, or ion.

Spin-only formula

The formula to calculate the magnetic moment, which is equal to the number of unpaired electrons multiplied by 2 and then multiplied by the Bohr magneton (BM).

Bohr magneton

A unit of magnetic moment.

Excitation of electrons

When an electron is excited from a lower energy d orbital to a higher energy d orbital, it absorbs light of a specific frequency.

Ligand

A molecule or ion that binds to a metal ion to form a complex compound.

Complex compounds

Compounds formed when metal ions bind to anions or neutral molecules, resulting in complex species with unique properties.

Catalytic activity

The ability of transition metals and their compounds to act as catalysts due to their multiple oxidation states and ability to form complexes.

Interstitial compounds

Compounds formed when small atoms like H, C, or N are trapped inside the crystal lattices of metals.

Alloys

Blends of metals formed by mixing different components.

Transition metal oxides

Compounds formed by the reaction of transition metals with oxygen at high temperatures.

Oxidation number

The number assigned to an element in a compound that represents the number of electrons gained or lost by that element.

Chromates and dichromates

Interconvertible ions in aqueous solution that contain chromium and have different properties.

Potassium dichromate

An important chemical used in the leather industry and as an oxidant, prepared from chromate by fusion of chromite ore with sodium or potassium carbonate in the presence of air.

Potassium permanganate

A dark purple compound used as an oxidizing agent, prepared by fusing MnO2 with an alkali metal hydroxide and an oxidizing agent.

Redox potential

The potential difference between the oxidized and reduced forms of a redox couple, influencing the reaction.

Kinetics

The study of the rate of chemical reactions, which also plays a role in understanding reactions involving potassium permanganate.