dcc a

brain and spinal cord

central nervous system consists of…

nerve impulses, spinal reflexes

conducted by the spinal cord

cranial reflexes

reflexes processed in the brain

cerebral hemispheres

dichephalon

brain stem

cerebellum

brain regions

gray matter core

surroundner by white matter

spinal cord is made of…

nerve impulses and spinal reflexes

spinal cord conducts…

two large lateral ventricles

third ventricle

fourth ventricle

brain ventricles include…

surrounded by dicephalon

third ventricle location

in the brain stem

fourth ventricle location

sseptum pellucidum

separates the cerebral hemispheres

large c-shaped chambers

each cerebral hemisphere contains…

cerebral aqueduct

joins the third and fourth ventricles

left and right hemispheres

cerebrum is divided into:

gyri, sulci, and fissures

covers surface of the cerebrum

longitudinal fissure

separates the two hemispheres

transverse cerebral fissure

separates the cerebrum and cerebellum

broca’s area

production of speech, located in frontal lobe

wernicke’s area

processes meaning of spoken and written language, located in left hemisphere

superior margin of the temporal lobe

primary auditory cortex location

interprets location, loudness, and pitch

primary auditory cortex function

posterior to primary auditory cortex

auditory association area location

perceives sound stimuli

auditory association area function

posterior insula and nearby parietal cortex

vestibular equilibrium cortex location

controls balance

vestibular equilibrium cortex function

medial termporal lobe in the piriform area

olfactory cortex location

caudate nucleus

globus pallidus

putamen

basal nuclei ganglia include…

subthalamic nuclei of the dicephalon

substantia nigra of the midbrain

basal nuclei ganglia are linked to…

primary visceral controller

function of the hypothalamus

act as relay stations (in olfactory pathways)

hypothalamus contains mammillary bodies that…

connects pituitary gland to the base of the hypothalamus

hypothalamus contains a stalk that…

dorsal part of the dicephalon

epithalamus location

the third ventricle

epithalamus forms the root of…

pineal gland

extends froms the posterior border of the epithalamus

secretes melatonin to help regulate the sleep and wake cycle

epithalamus function

medial aspect of cerebral hemispheres and diencephalon

limbic system location

amygdaloid body

cingulate gyrus

hippocampus

parts of the limbic system

amygdaloid body

almond shaped nucleus on caudate nucleus tail

cingulate gyrus

expresses emotions with gestures

hippocampus

responsible for memory storage

puts emotional response to odors

“emotional feeling and brain”

responds to environmental stimuli

has autonomic function

limbic system functions

most inferior part of brain stem, between pons and spinal cord

medulla oblongata location

8, 9, 10, 12

cranial nerves attached to medulla oblongata

cardiovascular and respiratory

centers of autonomic reflexes in medulla oblongata

cardiac and vasomotor centers

cardiovascular center is made up of…

control rhythm, rate, and depth

hiccupping

vomiting

coughing

swallowing

sneezing

respiratory center function

most cortical activity is depressed

brain stem functions continue

during sleep…

NREM and REM

two major types of sleep

NREM-1

stage of sleep- relaxation begins

NREM-2

stage of sleep- arousal is more difficult

NREM-3

stage of sleep- vital signs decline

NREM-4

stage of sleep- nightmares, sleepwalking

most dreaming occurs

more oxygen is used than during consciousness

what occurs during REM sleep

dura mater

outernost layer of fibrous connective tissue around the brain

periosteal layer attatched to periosteum of skull

meningeal layer attaches to brain

two layers of dura mater

dural septa

limits excessive brain movement

falx celebri, in longitudinal fissure, contain venous sinuses

falx cerebelli, along vermis of cerebellum

tentorium cerebelli, horizontal dural fold extending into transverse fissure

three primary folds of dura mater

bone

meninges

CSF

spinal cord protection

S2 level

what level do dural and arachnoid layers extend to

between L1 and L2

where does spinal cord end

conus medullaris

structure where spinal cord terminates

filum terminale

part of the spinal cord extends to coccyx, extension of conus covered in pia mater

denticulate ligaments

extension of pia mater (sawtooth-shaped sections)

ventral rami from spinal nerves C1 to C5

makes up the cervical plexus (innervates neck muscles)

pectoral girdle

upper limbs

brachial plexus innervates…

chemoreceptors- smell and taste

mechanoreceptors- pressure, vibrations

nociceptors- pain

photoreceptors- light

types of sensory receptors

sensory (afferent) nerves

impulses toward the CNS

motor (efferent) nerves

impulses away from the CNS

olfactory

cranial nerve i

optic

cranial nerve ii

oculomotor

cranial nerve iii

trochlear

cranial nerve iv

trigeminal

cranial nerve v

abducens

cranial nerve vi

facial

cranial nerve vii

vestibulocochlear

cranial nerve viii

glossopharyngeal

cranial nerve ix

vagus

cranial nerve x

accessory

cranial nerve xi

hypoglossal

cranial nerve xii

sensory (afferent) fibers

dorsal root contains…

efferent fibers

ventral root contains…

dorsal ramus

ventral ramus

meningeal branch

spinal nerves divide into…

skin of the neck, ear, back of the head, and shoulders

cervical plexu innervates…

phrenic nerve

major motor and sensory nerve of the diaphragm

5 nerves

axillary

musculocutaneous

median

ulnar

radial

brachial plexus contains:

the upper limbs, skin, and muscles pf the arms and hands

the brachial plexus innervates…

buttocks, lower limb, pelvic structures, perineum

the sacral plexus innervates…

lower limbs, except anteromedial thigh

the sciatic nerve innervates…

the tibial and common fibular nerves

the sciatic nerve is composed of…

sciatic nerve

largest and longest nerve of the body

smooth muscles, cardiac muscles, and glands

the autonomic nervous system regulates…

exercise, excitement, emergency, embarrassment

sympathetic division aka E division=

norepineprine

sympathetic diviision releases

increased heart rate

reduced salivation

bronchodilation

dilated pupils

functions of the sympathetic division

3 cervical

11 thoracic

4 sacral

1 coccygeal

sympathetic trunk makeup

cholinergic fibers release ACh

adrenergic fibers release NE

neurotransmitter action

anticholinergic, blocks muscarine, ACh receptors

atropine class/action

salivation during surgery, dilates pupils

atropine prevents…

inhibits acetylcholinesterase that breaks down ACh

neostigmine action

myasthenia gravis

neostigmine treats…