AP US History Ultimate Study Guide (copy)

__, a minister in Salem Bay settlement, taught that church and state should be separate.

Roger Williams

__ initiated a long period of European expansion and colonialism in the Americas.

Columbus arrival

In 1618, the __ introduced the headright system as a means of attracting new settlers to the region and addressing the labor shortage created by the emergence of tobacco farming.

Virginia Company

In August of 1492, __ used three caravels, supplied and funded by the Spanish crown, to set sail toward India.

Colombus

__ was a woman in a resolutely patriarchal society which turned many against her.

Anne Hutchinson

__ had their own complex societies, cultures, and religions.

Native Americans

French played a significant role in the French and __ (1754- 1763) but overall had a much lighter impact on native peoples compared to Spanish and English.

Indian War

In __, Virginia established the House of Burgesses, in which any property- holding, white male could vote.

1619

__ was populated by Native Americans, not to be confused with native- born Americans.

North America

In __, Separatists set sail for Virginia on the Mayflower, but went off course and landed in modern- day Massachusetts.

1620

Slavery was rare in __, but farms in middle and southern colonies were much larger, requiring large numbers of enslaved Africans.

New England

Intermarriage was common between Spanish and French settlers and the natives in their colonized territories (though rare among __ and Dutch settlers)

English

Was the __ of the triangular trade route among the colonies, Europe, and Africa.

middle leg

__ had a larger proportion of enslaved Africans than European settlers.

South Carolina

__ led a Protestant movement called Puritanism in the 16th century.

English Calvinists

__ became more organized with the creation of joint- stock companies, corporate businesses with shareholders whose mission was to settle and develop lands in North America.

Intercontinental trade

The __ was the dominant religious institution in western Europe.

Roman Catholic Church

__ was funded by a joint- stock company, a group of investors who bought the right to establish New World plantations from the king.

Jamestown

A(n) __ is a territory settled and controlled by a foreign power.

colony

Englands first attempt to settle North America came a year prior to its victory over __, in 1587, when Sir Walter Raleigh sponsored a settlement on Roanoke Island (now part of North Carolina)

Spain

__, a prominent proponent of antinomianism, banished for challenging Puritan beliefs and authority of Puritan clergy.

Anne Hutchinson

__ was home to hundreds of tribes, cities and societies.

North America

__ also marks the introduction of slavery to the English colonies.

1619

horses, pigs, rice, wheat, grapes

Old World to New World

corn, potatoes, chocolate, tomatoes, avocado, sweet potatoes

New World to Old World

In __, Massachusetts became a royal colony under new monarchs, suffrage was extended to all Protestants.

1691

__ played a major role on plantations, but majority of Southerners were subsistence farmers.

Slavery

__ made a treaty with the Delawares to take only as much land as could be walked by a man in three days.

Penn

Colonies on the __ were seen primarily as markets for British and West Indian goods, but also as sources of raw materials.

North American continent

Slavery was rare in __, but farms in middle and southern colonies were much larger, requiring large numbers of enslaved Africans.

New England

__ had a larger proportion of enslaved Africans than European settlers.

South Carolina

__ regulated trade and government in its colonies but interfered in colonial affairs as little as possible.

England

In 1664, __ waged war against the Dutch Republic and captured New Netherland.

Charles II of England

__ of 1733, imposed an exorbitant tax upon the importation of sugar from the French West Indies.

Molasses Act

__ had powers similar to the king, but also dependent on colonial legislatures for money.

Governor

__ allowed eased transition to independence in following century.

Autonomy

__, a Quaker, received colony as a gift from King Charles II.

William Penn

__ was largest commercial power of the century and economic rival of the British.

Dutch Republic

__ Acts passed between 1651 and 1673, required colonists to buy goods only from England, sell certain of their products only to England, and import non- English goods via English ports and pay a duty on those imports.

Navigation

__ and Mary was chartered in the South in 1693.

College of William

__ from Barbados marked the beginning of the slave era in the colonies.

Arrival of settlers

Colonies were important mostly for economic reasons, which is why the British considered their colonies in the __ more important than their colonies on the North American continent.

West Indies

__, a recent immigrant, rallied the farmers and demanded Governor William Berkeley grant him authority to raise a militia and attack nearby tribes.

Nathaniel Bacon

__ preached severe, predeterministic doctrines of Calvinism.

Edwards

__ also prohibited the colonies from manufacturing a number of goods that England already produced.

Navigation Acts

__ and tobacco played a larger role in the Chesapeake than in the middle colonies.

Slavery

__ established liberal policies towards religious freedom and civil liberties.

Penn

__ in New England were higher due to the Puritan legacy of teaching children to read the Bible.

Literacy rates

__ defended the soldiers in court, helping to establish a tradition of giving a fair trial to all who are accused.

John Adams

__ discuss ways to alter relationship between mother country and colonies.

Colonial newspapers

__, the English Prime Minister during the war, was supportive of the colonists and encouraged them to join the war effort.

William Pitt

__, negotiated by Ben Franklin in 1778, brought the French into the war on the side of the colonists.

Franco American Alliance

Women were largely excluded from __ but had an important civil role and responsibility.

political activity

The animosity between __ and Hamilton and the growing belligerence between the Federalists and Democratic- Republicans set the ugly, divisive tone for Adamss term.

Jefferson

__ (broad constructionist) argued bank implied power of government and not explicitly forbidden by Constitution.

Hamilton

__ sent three diplomats to Paris, where French officials demanded a huge bribe before they would allow negotiations even to begin.

Adams

__ replaced Prime Minister Grenville with Lord Rockingham, who had opposed the Stamp Act.

George III

Patriots were mostly white Protestant property holders and gentry, as well as urban artisans, especially in __.

New England

The __ actually lowered the duty on molasses coming into the colonies from the West Indies.

Sugar Act

The treaty gave England control of Canada and almost everything east of the __.

Mississippi Valley

__ led a colonial contingent, which attacked a French outpost and lost.

George Washington

The war was the inevitable result of colonial expansion, where __ moved into the Ohio Valley, and the French tried to stop them by building fortified outposts.

English settlers

__ (grants greater liberties to Catholics, extends boundaries of Quebec Territory) further impeding westward expansion, causing further dissatisfaction among colonists.

Quebec Act

The __ became a war for independence with the signing of the Declaration.

Revolutionary War

The Declaration has been considered as a seminal document in __, and has been a source of inspiration for movements for civil rights and freedom across the world.

American history

__ was concerned about no uniform commercial policy and fear for the survival of the new republic.

Alexander Hamilton

_ who supported ratification of the Constitution are often the same people as _ who favored strong federal government.

Federalists

__ called for federal government to assume states 'debts, repay by giving debt holders land on western frontier.

Financial plan

__ had been a strictly masculine quality in the past, private virtue emerged as a very important quality for women.

Public virtue

Also called the French and __, it was actually one of several "wars for empire "fought between the British and the French.

Indian War

__, Currency Act, and Proclamation of 1763 caused a great deal of discontent in the colonies.

Sugar Act

enumerate American grievances, develop strategy for addressing grievances, formulate colonial position on relationship between royal government and colonial governments

Goal

executive, legislative, judicial

Three branches of government

__ settled territorial dispute by signing treaty with England.

Polk administration

__ in distribution of wealth in northern cities, elite few controlled most of the personal wealth and led lives of power and comfort.

Great disparity

__ was instrumental in pushing for public education and education reform in general.

Horace Mann

__, supported by popular magazines and novels that glorified home life.

Cult of domesticity

__ suffered a stroke after the initial election and was not a real contender for the House vote.

William Crawford

__ received the greatest number of popular votes and electoral votes but no one had a majority.

Andrew Jackson

__ resulted in bigger cities with large (and often impoverished) migrant and immigrant neighborhoods.

Industrialization

In 1828, __, Jackson's vice president, anonymously published "The South Carolina Exposition and Protest "arguing that states who felt the 50 percent tariff was unfairly high could nullify the law.

John C Calhoun

The Tariff of 1828, also known as the Tariff of Abominations, was passed during the __ administration but almost turned into a national crisis during Jackson's administration.

Adams

__ declared independence from Spain in 1821, included what is now Texas and Southwest.

Mexico

__ replaced sailing ships for long sea voyages and railroads replaced land travel.

Steamships

__ sent explorers, among them Lewis and Clark, to investigate the western territories, including much of what was included in the Louisiana territory.

Jefferson

__ in 1813 allowed manufacturers to produce both thread and finished fabric in own factories quickly and efficiently.

Power loom

__ engine and telegraph revolutionized travel and shipping, allowing for faster and more efficient transportation and communication.

Inventions of steam

__ allowed for immediate long- distance communication and widespread use followed its invention almost immediately.

Telegraph

Smith's preaching, particularly his acceptance of polygamy, drew strong opposition in the East and __, culminating in his death by a mob while imprisoned in Illinois.

Midwest

Jackson's campaign for presidency in __ was vicious, with surrogates accusing opponents of corruption and misconduct.

1824

Family and church played a dominant role in __, as there were few people around to support organized cultural and leisure events.

social life

_ was another common commercial enterprise on the frontiers, with _ often being the first pioneers in a region.

Fur trading

Growth of American economy in __ brought about numerous social changes.

early 19th century

The __ saw the beginnings of true social reform in the United States, with many social reform movements growing out of the Second Great Awakening, a period of religious revival.

19th century

Farming played less of a role in __ than elsewhere in the country.

northeastern economy

__ brought new set of social problems, including issues of land ownership, displacement of Native Americans, and question of slavery.

Westward migration

__ unified area tribes to stop American expansion.

Tecumseh

__ and Industrial Revolution in England altered southern agriculture and increased reliance on slave labor.

Cotton gin

Americans believed in God- given right to western territories, known as America's __.

Manifest Destiny

In 1828, __ won the election by a large margin and became the first president who wasn't born in Virginia or named Adams.

Jackson