________ are detected by sensory neurons in a small patch of mucus membrane on the roof of the nose.
New cards
2
Iris
The muscled ring around the eye that controls the size of the pupil.
New cards
3
Emotional
________ and sensory components constitute a mosaic of activity leading to pain.
New cards
4
Macula
The area in the retina around the fovea critical for reading and driving.
New cards
5
optic nerve
Signals are sent via the _____ _____ to parts of the brain that process images and allow us to see.
New cards
6
Taste
________ is focused on distinguishing chemicals that have sweet, salty, sour, bitter, or umami (savory) ________.
New cards
7
Olfactory bulb
A rounded structure that contains neurons receiving information about odors detected by sensory neurons on the roof of the nose.
New cards
8
Cones
Photoreceptors that need a bright enough light but give acute details and convey color.
New cards
9
Rods
Photoreceptors that are extremely sensitive to light & allow us to see in dim light but do not convey color.
New cards
10
relative size
Perception of movement, depth, perspective, ________ and movement, shading, and gradations in texture primarily depend on contrasts in light intensity rather than color.
New cards
11
left auditory cortex
The ________ is specialized for speech.
New cards
12
communication
Hearing allows for ________ and information for survival.
New cards
13
Ossicles
The three bones in the middle ear (malleus, incus, stapes) that amplifies the vibrations produced by the eardrum.
New cards
14
Touch
The sense by which we determine the characteristics of objects (size, shape, texture)
New cards
15
spinal cord
They suppress pain by inhibiting the transmission of pain signals from the dorsal horn of the ________ to higher brain areas.
New cards
16
two-point threshold
Neurologists measure sensitivity by determining the _________ _________.
New cards
17
Prostaglandins
Chemicals that enhance the sensitivity of receptors to tissue damage and induces more pain.
New cards
18
Tympanic membrane/Eardrum
The thin tissue that produces and sends sound vibrations to the middle ear.
New cards
19
sensory cells
When stimulated, ________ send impulses along the cranial nerves to taste regions in brain to the thalamus.
New cards
20
Visual signals
________ pass from the optic nerve to the optic chiasm.
New cards
21
Taste buds
________ are found on the tongue, the back of the mouth, and on the palate.
New cards
22
Superior temporal gyrus/Auditory cortex
The part of the brain that analyzes auditory information.
New cards
23
Impulses
________ relayed to several brain structures including the thalamus and cerebral cortex.
New cards
24
Allodynia
Triggering of the pain response from stimuli which doesn't usually provoke pain.
New cards
25
30
Vision involves around __ % of the human brain.
New cards
26
eardrum
The ________ makes the ossicles vibrate and amplify its vibration.
New cards
27
Visual processing
________ starts by comparing the amount of light striking any tiny region of the retina with the amount of surrounding light.
New cards
28
Nociceptors
Sensory fibers that respond to tissue-damaging stimuli and cause pain.
New cards
29
Thalamus
________ and cerebral cortex involved in making the pain /itch message into a conscious experience.
New cards
30
Hair cells
________ convert mechanical vibration to electrical signals and excite the auditory nerve.
New cards
31
Tissue injury
________ releases many different chemicals at the site of damage or inflammation.
New cards
32
Cochlea
The snail-shaped organ in the inner ear that converts mechanical vibrations from the eardrum and ossicles to electrical signals to be sent to the brain.
New cards
33
Topographic
A term referring to the fact that the body is represented in an orderly fashion based on sensory requirements at different levels of the nervous system.
New cards
34
Fovea
The area of the retina where the light is focused.
New cards
35
optic nerve
The third layer of retina is made of ganglia that make up the ________.
New cards
36
Photoreceptors
Neurons that are specialized to turn light into electrical signals.
New cards
37
External ear
The collective name for the visible portion of the ear (pinna) and the auditory canal.
New cards
38
Two-point threshold
The distance between 2 points of skin in order for the person to distinguish 2 stimuli from one.
New cards
39
Signals
________ are fed into at least 3 processing systems.
New cards
40
Odorants
________ can act on more than 1 receptor but to varying degrees.
New cards
41
Cones
________ work in combination to convey information about all visible colors.
New cards
42
Tastants
________ are detected by taste buds.
New cards
43
thalamus
The ________ sends it to a specific area of cerebral cortex which makes us conscious of taste.
New cards
44
spinal cord
The ________ passes information about touch to the thalamus and to the sensory cortex.
New cards
45
Hair cells
________ are topped with stereocilia that are deflected by the overlying tectorial membrane.
New cards
46
Odorants
________ stimulate receptors and initiate a neural response.
New cards
47
Taste buds
________ are embedded in papillae.
New cards
48
Retina
A sheet of photoreceptors in the back of the eye.
New cards
49
Pupil
A hole in the eye that allows light to enter.
New cards
50
Binocular vision
Vision that utilizes two eyes
New cards
51
Optic Chiasm
The X-shaped structure formed at the point below the brain where the two optic nerves cross over each other
New cards
52
2 major types
rods and cones
New cards
53
3 colors of cones
Red, green, and blue
New cards
54
1st layer of retina is made of
Rods and cones
New cards
55
2nd layer of retina is made of
interneurons that relay information
New cards
56
3rd layer of retina is made of
Ganglia that make up the optic nerve
New cards
57
Receptive Field
The region of visual space providing an input to the neuron
New cards
58
Strabismus
A condition where the eyes are not properly aligned
New cards
59
basilar membrane
The membrane containing cells called hair cells that react to different frequencies or pitches
New cards
60
auditory nerve
One of the 12 cranial nerves that is responsible for carrying auditory information from the cochlea to the brain
New cards
61
Tastants
The chemicals present in foods that give them flavor
New cards
62
Taste buds
The sensory organs responsible for obtaining information about taste
New cards
63
E.g
the cornea is several hundreds of times more sensitive to painful stimuli than the soles of feet
Studied by 3 people
