Unit 9

motivation

The force that moves people to behave, think, and feel the way they do.

Define instinct

An innate (unlearned) biological pattern of behavior that is assumed to be universal throughout a species.

Need

A physical or biological deprivation that energizes the drive to eliminate or reduce the deprivation.

Drive

An aroused state that occurs because of a physiological need.

Homeostasis

The body’s tendency to maintain an equilibrium.

Yerkes-Dodson Law

Performance is best under conditions of moderate arousal rather than either low or high arousal.

Glucose

An important factor in hunger, probably because the brain critically depends on sugar for energy.

Insulin

Plays a role in glucose control.

cholecystokinin (CCK)

Starts the digestion of food and signals us to stop eating.

Leptin

A chemical substance released by fat cells that decreases food intake and increases energy expenditure or metabolism.

Lateral Hypothalamus

Stimulates eating.

ventromedial hypothalamus

Involved in reducing hunger and restricting eating.

Set Point

The weight maintained when a person makes no effort to gain or lose weight.

Estrogens

Hormones produced mainly by ovaries.

Androgens

Hormones, such as testosterone, produced by the testes in males and in the adrenal glands of all people.

human sexual response pattern?

Four phases: excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution.

sexual orientation

The direction of an individual’s erotic interests, viewed as a continuum from exclusive male–female relations to exclusive same-gender relations.

Pansexual

A person whose sexual attractions do not depend on the biological sex, gender, or gender identity of others.

asexual

Attracted to nothing.

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

A theory that human needs must be satisfied in the following sequence: physiological needs, safety, love and belongingness, esteem, and self-actualization.

self-actualization

The motivation to develop one’s full potential as a human being; the highest and most elusive of Maslow’s proposed needs.

Self-Determination Theory

Deci and Ryan’s theory asserting that all humans have three basic, innate organismic needs: competence, relatedness, and autonomy.

intrinsic motivation

Motivation based on internal factors such as organismic needs, as well as curiosity, challenge, and fun.

extrinsic motivation

Motivation that involves external incentives such as rewards and punishments.

self-regulation

The process by which an organism effortfully controls its behavior in order to pursue important objectives.

emotion

Feeling, or affect, that can involve physiological arousal, conscious experience, and behavioral expression.

skin conductance level (SCL)

A rise in the skin’s electrical conductivity when sweat gland activity increases.

polygraph

A lie detector which monitors changes in heart rate, breathing, and SCL.

James-Lange Theory

Emotion results from physiological states triggered by stimuli in the environment.

Cannon-Bard Theory

Emotion and physiological reactions occur simultaneously.

Two-Factor Theory of Emotion

Emotion is determined by two factors: physiological arousal and cognitive labeling.

Facial Feedback Hypothesis

The idea that facial expressions can influence emotions and reflect them.

display rules

Sociocultural standards that determine when, where, and how emotions should be expressed.

valence

Whether an emotion feels pleasant or unpleasant.

negative affect

Negative emotions such as anger, guilt, and sadness.

positive affect

Pleasant emotions such as joy, happiness, and interest.

Broaden-and-Build Model

Fredrickson’s model of positive emotion, stating that the function of positive emotions lies in their effects on an individual’s attention and ability to build resources.