Psych ME&P

Displacemnt

A defense mechanism in which an individual unconsciously redirects emotional responses from the original source of distress to a safer or more acceptable target.

Projection

a defense mechanism where individuals attribute their own unacceptable thoughts or feelings to someone else.

Rationalization

A defense mechanism that involves justifying one's behaviors, thoughts, or feelings by providing logical or reasonable explanations, rather than acknowledging the true, often emotional reasons.

Denial

A defense mechanism in which a person refuses to accept reality or facts, effectively blocking external events from awareness. This may involve ignoring painful feelings, thoughts, or events to shield oneself from distress.

Reaction formation

A defense mechanism where an individual behaves in a way that is opposite to their true feelings or impulses, often to conceal them.

Regression

A defense mechanism in which an individual reverts to behaviors characteristic of an earlier stage of development when faced with stress or anxiety. This often includes childish behaviors or coping strategies.

reppresion

A defense mechanism that involves suppressing distressing thoughts, memories, or feelings from conscious awareness.

Sublimation

A defense mechanism that involves channeling unacceptable impulses, emotions, or instincts into socially acceptable actions or behaviors, often leading to positive outcomes.

Psychoanalytic theory

A psychological approach that views behavior and personality as a result of unconscious motives and conflicts, emphasizing the influence of childhood experiences.

TAT

A projective psychological test used to assess an individual's personality and emotional functioning through the interpretation of ambiguous images.

Rorshach

A projective psychological test consisting of inkblots designed to reveal an individual's thoughts, feelings, and personality characteristics through their interpretations of the inkblots.

Unconscious

Part of the mind that houses thoughts, memories, and desires not easily accessible to conscious awareness, influencing behavior and emotions.

Conscious

The state of being aware of and able to think and perceive one's surroundings, thoughts, and feelings.

conscience

An inner sense of right and wrong that guides an individual's thoughts and actions, often aligned with moral or ethical standards.

ID

The part of the personality in psychoanalysis that contains innate biological drives and impulses, seeking immediate gratification without consideration for reality or morality.

preconscious

The level of consciousness that contains thoughts, memories, and feelings that are not actively in awareness but can be easily accessed.

Superego

The part of the personality in psychoanalysis that internalizes societal norms and morals, often acting as a moral compass that conflicts with the desires of the id.

Ego

The part of the personality in psychoanalysis that mediates between the desires of the id and the constraints of the superego, operating primarily in the conscious mind.

Humanistic psychology

An approach in psychology that emphasizes individual potential and stresses the importance of growth and self-actualization.

Congruence

In humanistic psychology, congruence refers to the alignment between an individual's self-perception and their actual experiences. It emphasizes the importance of authenticity for personal growth.

self concept

The set of beliefs and perceptions an individual holds about themselves, including aspects like identity, body image, and self-esteem.

Self actualization

The process of realizing one's own potential and achieving personal growth and fulfillment.

Social cognitive theory

A psychological model that explains how individuals learn from their environment, emphasizing the interplay between personal factors, behavior, and environmental influences.

Reciporical determinism

The theory that a person's behavior is influenced by personal factors and the environment, creating a mutual influence between them.

Self efficacy

The belief in one's ability to succeed in specific situations or accomplish a task, influencing motivation and action.

locus of control

The degree to which individuals believe they can control events affecting them, influencing their motivation and behavior.

internal locus of control

The belief that one has control over their life events and outcomes, attributing success or failure to personal efforts rather than external factors.

external locus of control

The belief that outside forces, such as fate or luck, largely determine life events and outcomes, leading individuals to feel less responsible for their successes and failures.

learned helplessness

A psychological condition in which individuals feel unable to control or change their situation after experiencing repeated failure. This belief can inhibit motivation and lead to depression.

Behavioral perspective

A psychological approach that emphasizes the study of observable behaviors and the ways in which they are learned and reinforced through interactions with the environment.

Trait perspective

A psychological approach that focuses on the study of personality traits and how they influence behavior. It emphasizes measuring individual differences to understand the consistency of behavior across various situations.

Big 5 theory

The Big 5 theory is a model of personality that identifies five key traits: openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism, which are believed to underlie individual differences in behavior.

eysencks

Three dimensions of personality: extraversion, neuroticism, and psychoticism, which influence behavior and individual differences.

personality inventories

standardized questionnaires that assess various personality traits and characteristics, helping to measure individual differences and predict behavior.

Drive reduction theory

theory suggesting that motivation arises from the need to reduce drives such as hunger or thirst, aiming to maintain homeostasis.

homeostasis

the body's ability to maintain a stable internal environment despite changes in external conditions.

arousal theory

theory proposing that individuals are motivated to maintain an optimal level of arousal, which can lead to increased performance and engagement in activities.

optimal level of arousal

the ideal state of tension or stimulation that promotes peak performance and engagement in tasks.

yerkses dodson theory

a principle that suggests there is an optimal level of arousal for performance, where too little or too much arousal can hinder effectiveness.

intristic motivation

the drive to engage in an activity for its own sake, rather than for some external reward.

incentive theory

a concept in psychology that suggests behavior is motivated by external rewards or incentives, leading individuals to act in pursuit of desired outcomes.

extrinsic motivation

the drive to engage in an activity to earn external rewards or avoid punishment.

instincts

biologically hardwired patterns of behavior that are innate and typically exhibited by species for survival and reproduction.

sensation seeking theory

a theory that posits individuals are motivated to seek out varied, novel, and complex experiences, often to satisfy a desire for stimulation and excitement.

james lange theory

theory that suggests emotions arise from physiological responses to stimuli, meaning we feel emotions because we are aware of our body's reactions.

cannon bard theory

theory that proposes emotions and physiological responses occur simultaneously and independently in reaction to a stimulus.

Schachter singer two factor theory

theory that states emotions are based on two factors: physiological arousal and cognitive interpretation of that arousal.