OLD WORLDS & NEW

Beringia

Bering land bridge

25,000 years ago hunter-gatherers crossed Beringia from Asia into North America.

Man migrated as far south as Chile in South America.

Cultures developed throughout the Americas

Pueblos

Flourished in the American Southwest

Arid desert

Conducted trade as far as Central Mexico – Mississippi Valley

Clovis

The oldest recognized culture in the Western hemisphere

Named after a find of distinctive stone tools

Arrived though the Beringia before spreading southward

Forefathers of the Pueblo tribe

Hopi

Matriarchy and matrilineal

Hopi men were in charge of politics, agriculture and war

Zuni

Known for making turquoise and silver jewelry, beadworks, baskets, and pottery. Pottery played a vital role in the Zuni community.

Anasazi (950 A.D.)

The Anasazi built Chaco Canyon’s (cultural center of the anasazi in NM) Pueblo Bonito complex (massive trading center) and became cliff-dwellers

disappeared 1276 – 1299

Pacific Coast Cultures

From Canada to Mexico

Eastern American Cultures

Mississippi Valley region

Constructed massive earthworks

centralized government

The Haudenosaunee

the Iroquois Confederacy (the Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, Seneca nations) united around 1200 under the “Great League of Peace”.

Democratic principles

Tribal head women

Mound Builders

Pre-dates Egyptian pyramids by about 3,500 years

Pre-dates Columbus by about 1,000 years

Native American Culture

Diversity

Multiple languages

Tribes weren’t a singular people, but a village, chiefdom

European invaders considered this barbaric

Animism

Multiple spirits inhabited objects: trees, water, sky, animals but most tribes believes in a single creator

Liberte

no one person held superiority over another

Noble or Savage

Native Americans were friendly or Native Americans were savage brutes

Europeans saw the new land as a commercial resource

kinship

practice appropriate behavior in a group

European freedom

abandoning a life of sin & embrace the teaching of the Christ (Religious toleration was unknown)

Tribal Heirarchy

The Chief

Lesser Suns

Everybody Else

Matrimonial

based on the wife’s lineage

Enterprise of the Indies (1492)

funded by Ferdinand & Isabella of Spain

Columbian Exchange

An on-going exchange of foreign goods & indigenous products between world markets

creating a global economy

Diaries

first-hand historical accounts

Vasco de Balboa 1513

found the Pacific Ocean for Spain

Ponce de Leon

claimed Florida for Spain

Ferdnan Magellan

rounded South America, claimed Guam & the Philippines for Spain

Treaty of Tordesillas 1494

World was split between Portugal and Spain, established the Western & Eastern hemispheres

Philip II of Spain 1556

saw New World as gold mine but was under the guise of spreading catholicism

Hernando Cortes 1518

Explored Mexico, Conquered the Aztec and spread smallpox

Francisco Pizarro 1524

Explored Mexico, Conquered the Inca but they resisted. defeated by guns. mines yielded vast amounts of gold so further exploration

Franciscans

The Black Robes

Tried to forcibly convert tribes to Catholicism

the Kiva ceremonial chamber

Bartalomé De Las Casas

Defended Native America rights, documented abuse

mestizo

people of mixed native american/Spanish blood

Creoles

people of European (usually spanish) ancestry born in the colonies

Haciendas

large scale farms

repartimiento system

Indigenous people toiled the fields, were paid wages, could not be bought or sold

Hernando de Soto 1541

First Europeans to sight the Mississippi 

De Aviles 1565

founded St. Augustine, first permanent European settlement

Presidios

mission forts

encomienda system

forced indigenous tribes to work for Spanish colonists & pay an annual tribute

The Pueblo Revolt of 1680

revolution against Spanish PES institutions imposed upon the Pueblos.

only successful Native uprising against a colonizing power in North America.

Miraculous Staircase 1878

constructed by St. Joseph

Verrazano 1524

Italian but sailed under the French

Jacques Cartier

sailed into the Gulf of St. Lawrence

Opened trade with Micmac tribe

Rene-Robert Cavelier/Sieur de la Salle 1682

Sailed the Mississippi to the Gulf of Mexico

Claimed Louisiana for Louis XIV & Queen Anne

Samuel de Champlain 1608

founded Quebec, France’s 1st permanent North American settlement

Pierre LeMoyne, Sieur d’Iberville 1700

established forts at Biloxi (Maurepas) & Mobile (Mississippi and Saint-Louis)

Jean-Baptiste LeMoyne, Sieur d’Bienville 1718

founded New Orleans (Named in honor of the Phillippe II, Duc d’Orleans), port city & military outpost

Control the Mississippi, control commerce, control the rest of the country, this and native trade led to french superiority in North America

The fur trade

leading economic factor in foreign exploration of America

Henry Hudson

explored New York 1609

Dutch had New Amsterdam (military) on Manhattan Island as main trading ports, purchased from Lenape Indians (1624), religious tolerance

plantation-life economy

originally dutch built sugar refineries and partnered with british planters in barbados to establish plantations

took hold in the American South

Kieft’s War

3-year conflict with the Delaware tribe as Dutch tried to colonize New Amsterdam

Residents fled; new settlers settled elsewhere

borderlands

areas of territory not clearly defined

Native boundaries shifted as tribes moved,

Imperial European claimed more & more prompting violent conflict yet trade continued

Tenochtitlan

capital of the Aztec empire

Laid out on a grid pattern, like many modern cities

current day mexico city

The Aztec 1100 – 1520

Artisans

Slave traders

Ruled by priests & nobles

Warriors, yet eradicated in 1519 by Spanish conquistadors who possessed horses & guns and disease

The Inca 1300

Agrarian culture

Utilized llama, alpaca

elaborate irrigation systems

Established trade routes to enact commerce

Textiles were more valuable than precious metals due to the extreme weather at high altitudes

Machu Picchu

Imperial Palace built high in the Andes

Virtually impregnable

Salerno Medical School 950 A.D.

grew into Europe’s first-ever university, and expanded classes in anatomy and admitted women

bubonic plague 1346-1353

spread by flee infested rats on foreign ships

People question why God would allow their suffering

Il Rinascita

l’uomo universale

the universal/renaissance man

Prince Henry of Portugal

launched an aggressive seafaring campaign, initiating marine trade

crews perfected navigational tools

Henry set precedence for future exploration

Portugal eventually colonized Africa’s west coast