learnign and instruction combi

Dual-Process Theory

A shared construct in cognitive science that theorizes two distinct systems guiding cognitive operations

System 1

Rapid and automatic cognitive processes that require minimal attention and are implicit in nature

System 2

Intentional and reflective cognitive operations that require heightened focus and are essential for reasoning

Critical Thinking (CT)

A purposeful and reflective multidimensional construct composed of higher-order cognitive skills and meta-cognitive components

Inductive Reasoning

The process of generalizing rules from individual observations through data gathering and pattern finding

Deductive Reasoning

A reasoning process that results in valid conclusions based on true premises regardless of real-world knowledge

Executive Function (EF)

A set of processes including cognitive and metacognitive components that coordinate deliberate and analytical operations

Cognitive Flexibility

The ability to adopt different perspectives and adapt to changed circumstances

Working Memory

The ability to manipulate information while simultaneously holding it in mind

Belief Systems

Personal frameworks that influence how a reader interprets statements and can lead to the acceptance of fallacious arguments

Construction-Integration (CI) Model

A reading model identifying three levels of comprehension: surface code textbase and situation model

Surface Code

The level of reading comprehension consisting of words and syntax

Textbase

The level of comprehension containing abstracted text propositions and minimal inferences for coherence

Situation Model

The level where text is integrated with a reader's background knowledge

Active View of Reading (AVR)

A conceptual framework that extends the simple view of reading by including executive function and bridging processes

Bridging Processes

Cognitive processes like reading fluency and morphological awareness that connect decoding to comprehension

Academic Vocabulary

Specialized language used in academic settings to engage in the cognitive processing of disciplinary concepts

Listening Comprehension

A fundamental factor and strong predictor of reading achievement involving the understanding of spoken language

Encoding

The ability to apply phoneme-grapheme relationships to correctly spell words

Reading Comprehension

The ultimate outcome of reading attainment that shares a bi-directional relationship with critical thinking

Metacognition

The ability to monitor and control one's own cognitive processes

Meta-knowledge

The flow of information from the object level to the meta-level

Meta-control

The flow of information from the meta-level to the object level to regulate behavior

Object level

Basic cognitive functions like recognition

Meta-level

The level where information from the object level is processed and top-down regulation is imposed

Offline Metacognition

Processes requiring reflection on past or future activities and the development of meta-representations

Online Metacognition

Rapid higher-order processes used during a task without the need for conscious reflection

Metacognitive Sensitivity

The ability to accurately discriminate between one's own correct and incorrect judgements

Metacognitive Bias

The overall level of confidence a subject maintains during a task

Metacognitive Efficiency

The level of metacognitive sensitivity when controlling for actual task performance

Feelings of Knowing (FOK)

The belief that one knows an answer and can recognize it despite being unable to recall it

Judgements of Learning (JOL)

Prospective judgements made during learning about the ability to recall an item later

2-AFC task

A two-alternative Forced Choice task used to measure retrospective metacognitive judgements

Executive Functions (EF)

Cognitive control processes closely related to online metacognition like inhibition and shifting

Self-Regulated Learning (SRL)

A learning framework involving metacognition

Metacognitive Awareness Inventory (MAI)

A self-report questionnaire measuring knowledge of strategies and regulation of learning

Thinking-aloud protocols

A method where subjects verbalize thoughts during a task; strongly related to academic achievement

Metacognitive Prompts

Text pieces or questions sent at specific times to trigger reflection on learning behavior

Lateral Prefrontal Cortex (lPFC)

A brain region associated with the neural substrates of meta-control

Domain-generality

The theory that metacognitive abilities gradually become applicable across different subjects with experience