APUSH PERIOD 7 V.2

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16TH AMENDMENT

1913 AMENDMENT PROVIDING A LEGAL BASIS FOR A GRADUATED INCOME TAX, WHICH HAD BEEN PREVIOUSLY DEEMED UNCONSTITUTIONAL.

17TH AMENDMENT

(1913) DIRECT ELECTION OF SENATORS BY THE PEOPLE

18TH AMENDMENT

1918 AMENDMENT TO THE CONSTITUTION BANNING THE PRODUCTION AND SALE OF ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES. IT WAS REPEALED IN 1933 WITH THE 21ST AMENDMENT

19TH AMENDMENT

AMENDMENT TO THE CONSTITUTION GRANTING WOMEN THE RIGHT TO VOTE, PASSED IN 1919, AND RATIFIED INTO LAW IN 1920

CLAYTON ANTI TRUST ACT

1914 ACT THAT STRENGTHENED THE SHERMAN ANTITRUST ACT BY BANNING CERTAIN CORPORATE OPERATIONS, SUCH AS PRICE DISCRIMINATION AND OVERLAPPING MEMBERSHIP ON COMPANY BOARDS, AND BY PROTECTING LABOR UNIONS. THE ACT WAS DESIGNED TO ENCOURAGE ECONOMIC COMPETITION.

CONSERVATIONISTS

SUPPORTERS OF THE PROGRESSIVE ERA POLITICAL AND SOCIAL MOVEMENT WHOSE SUPPORTERS WORKED FOR THE PRESERVATION OF AMERICA'S WILDLIFE AND NATURAL LANDS

FEDERAL RESERVE ACT

(1913) A SYSTEM OF FEDERAL BANKS AND GAVE GOVERNMENT THE POWER TO CONTROL THE MONEY SUPPLY

FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION

A government agency established in 1914 to prevent unfair business practices and help maintain a competitive economy.

GIFFOR PINCHOT

Appointed by close friend Roosevelt as the head of U.S. Division of Forestry. first professional forester; preached conservation; fought private interests only unless they felt businesses acted irresponsibly/threaten to monopolize water and electric power; hydro electric power

HULL HOUSE

THE SETTLEMENT, BASED ON TOYNBEE HALL IN ENGLAND, ESTABLISHED BY JANE ADDAMS AND ELLEN STARR IN CHICAGO IN 1889. IT SERVED AS A CENTER OF SOCIAL REFORM AND PROVIDED EDUCATIONAL AND SOCIAL OPPORTUNITIES FOR WORKING-CLASS POOR IMMIGRANT WOMEN AND THEIR CHILDREN.

IDA TARBELL

A leading muckraker and magazine editor, she exposed the corruption of the oil industry with her 1904 work A History of Standard Oil.

JACOB RIIS

A Danish immigrant, he became a reporter who pointed out the terrible conditions of the tenement houses of the big cities where immigrants lived during the late 1800s. He wrote How The Other Half Lives in 1890.

JANE ADDAMS

SOCIAL REFORMER WHO WORKED TO IMPROVE THE LIVES OF THE WORKING CLASS. IN 1889 SHE FOUNDED HULL HOUSE IN CHICAGO.

JOHN MUIR

(1838-1914) Naturalist who believed the wilderness should be preserved in its natural state. He was largely responsible for the creation of Yosemite National Park in California.

LABOR STRIKES

Labor unions were groups of workers who wanted to obtain better working conditions, strikes were held in order to obtain such conditions.

MUCKRAKERS

INVESTIGATIVE JOURNALISTS DURING THE LATE NINETEENTH AND EARLY TWENTIETH CENTURIES WHO SPECIALIZED IN EXPOSING CORRUPTION, SCANDAL, AND VICE. MUCKRAKERS HELPED BUILD PUBLIC SUPPORT FOR PROGRESSIVE CAUSES.

MULLER V. OREGON

1908 SUPREME COURT RULING THAT UPHELD AN OREGON LAW ESTABLISHING A TEN-HOUR WORK DAY FOR WOMEN.

MUNCIPAL REFORM

NATIONAL PARK

A natural area protected and managed by the federal government (YOSEMITE).

NEW FREEDOM

TERM USED BY WOODROW WILSON TO DESCRIBE HIS LIMITED-GOVERNMENT, PROGRESSIVE AGENDA. WILSON'S NEW FREEDOM WAS OFFERED AS AN ALTERNATIVE TO TEDDY ROOSEVELT'S NEW NATIONALISM.

PAYNE-ALDRICH TARIFF

1909 LEGISLATION INCREASING THE AMOUNT OF DUTIES PAID ON IMPORTS.

PRESERVATIONISTS

Those who attempt to maintain in their present condition areas of the Earth that are so far untouched by humans.

ROBERT LA FOLLETTE

GOVERNOR OF WISCONSIN HE FOUGHT AGAINST POLITICAL MACHINES AND CORRUPTION BY ESTABLISHING THE DIRECT PRIMARY

SOCIAL GOSPEL

RELIGIOUS MOVEMENT THAT ADVOCATED THE APPLICATION OF CHRISTIAN TEACHINGS TO SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC PROBLEMS. THE IDEALS OF THE SOCIAL GOSPEL INSPIRED MANY PROGRESSIVE REFORMERS

SQUARE DEAL

TEDDY ROOSEVELT'S PLAN TO PROVIDE ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL STABILITY TO THE NATION BY GUARANTEEING THE RIGHTS OF EVERYDAY WORKERS AND PROTECTING BUSINESS INTERESTS.

TENEMENTS

MULTIFAMILY APARTMENT BUILDINGS THAT HOUSED MANY POOR URBAN DWELLERS AT THE TURN OF THE TWENTIETH CENTURY. TENEMENTS WERE CROWDED, UNCOMFORTABLE, AND DANGEROUS.

THE JUNGLE

This 1906 novel by Upton Sinclair pointed out the abuses of the meat packing industry. The book led to the passage of the 1906 Meat Inspection Act.

TRIANGLE SHIRTWAIST FIRE

AN INFAMOUS INDUSTRIAL FIRE AT THE TRIANGLE SHIRTWAIST FACTORY IN NEW YORK CITY 1911. INADEQUATE FIRE SAFETY PROVISIONS LED TO THE DEATHS OF 146 WORKERS, MOSTLY YOUNG WOMEN AND GIRLS.

TRIPLE WALL OF PRIVILEDGE

Wilson's war on tariffs, banks, and trusts.

UNIONS

GROUPS OF WORKERS SEEKING RIGHTS AND BENEFITS FROM THEIR EMPLOYERS THROUGH THEIR COLLECTIVE EFFORTS.

UPTON SINCLAIR

Muckraker who shocked the nation when he published The Jungle, a novel that revealed gruesome details about the meat packing industry in Chicago. The book was fiction but based on the things Sinclair had seen.

URBANIZATION

An increase in the percentage and in the number of people living in urban settlements.

YMCA

The YMCA (young mens christian association) was part of one of the goals for te progressive era, protecting social welfare. The YMCA opened librairies, built swimming pools and handball courts, and sponsored classes.

WORLD WAR I

A war between the allies (Russia, France, British Empire, Italy, United States, Japan, Rumania, Serbia, Belgium, Greece, Portugal, Montenegro) and the central powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Turkey, Bulgaria) from 1914 to 1918.

AMERICAN EXPEDITIONARY FORCE

(AEF) ESTABLISHED IN 1917 AFTER THE US ENTERED WWI. TEHSE ARMY TROOPS SERVED IN EUROPE UNDER THE COMMAND OF GENERAL JOHN J. PERSHING.

CLEAR AND PRESENT DANGER

Interpretation of the First Amendment that holds that the government cannot interfere with speech unless the speech presents a clear and present danger that it will lead to evil or illegal acts.

COMMITTEE ON PUBLIC INFORMATION

(CPI) COMMITTEE ESTABLISHED IN 1917 TO CREATE PROPAGANDA AND PROMOTE CENSORSHIP TO GENERATE ENTHUSIASM FOR WWI AND STIFLE ANTIWAR DISSENT.

DOUGHBOYS

A nickname for the inexperienced but fresh American soldiers during WWI.

ESPIONAGE ACTS

1917 ACT THAT PROHIBITED ANTIWAR ACTIVITIES, INCLUDING OPPOSING THE MILITARY DRAFT. IT PUNISHED SPEECH CRITICAL OF THE WAR AS WELL AS DELIBERATE ACTIONS OF SABOTAGE AND SPYING.

FOOD ADMINISTRATIONS

NEW GOVERNMENT AGENCY CREATED DURING WWI TO REGULATE FOOD PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION. ITS HEAD, HERBERT HOOVER, SOUGHT TO INCREASE THE MILITARY AND CIVILIAN FOOD SUPPLY THROUGH MASSIVE PUBLIC CAMPAIGN OF VOLUNTARY CONSERVATION MEASURES SUCH AS FAMILY GARDENS AND "MEATLESS MONDAYS".

FUEL ADMINISTRATIONS

GOVERNMENT AGENCY CREATED DURING WWI TO MANAGE THE PRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION OF FUEL SUCH AS COAL AND OIL.

GEORGE CREEL

A journalists who was the head of the Committee of Public Information. He helped the anti-German movement as well as inspired patriotism in America during the war.

HENRY CABOT LODGE

Chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, he was a leader in the fight against participation in the League of Nations

IRRECONCILABLES

During World War I, senators William Borah of Idaho and Hiram Johnson of California, led a group of people who were against the United States joining the League of Nations. Also known as "the Battalion of Death". They were extreme isolationists and were totally against the U.S. joining the League of Nations.

LEAGUE OF NATIONS

THE INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION PROPOSED BY WOODROW WILSON AFTER THE END OF WWI TO ENSURE WORLD PEACE AND SECURITY IN THE FUTURE THROUGH MUTUAL AGREEMENT. THE US FAILED TO JOIN THE LEAGUE BECAUSE WILSON AND HIS OPPONENTS IN CONGRESS COULD NOT WORK OUT A COMPROMISE.

NATIONAL WAR LABOR BOARD

(NWLB) GOV AGENCY CREATED IN 1918 TO SETTLE LABOR DISPUTES. THE NWLB CONSISTED OF REPRESENTATIVES FROM UNIONS, CORPORATIONS, AND THE PUBLIC.

SCHENK V. US

1919 SUPREME COURT RULING UPHOLDING THE CONVICTION OF THE SOCIALIST PARTY GENERAL SECRETARY CHARLES SCHNECK UNDER THE ESPIONAGE ACT FOR DISSEMINATING ANTI-CONSCRIPTION PAMPHLETS. JUSTICE OLIVER WENDELL HOLMES ARGUED THAT DURING WARTIME CONGRESS HAS THE AUTHORITY TO PROHIBIT INDIVIDUALS FROM USING WORDS THAT CREATE "A CLEAR AND PRESENT DANGER"

SEDITION ACTS

1918 ACT ADDED TO THE ESPIONAGE ACT. IT PUNISHED INDIVIDUALS FOR EXPRESSING OPINIONS DEEMED HOSTILE TO THE US GOVERNMENT, FLAG, OR MILITARY.

TRADING WITH ENEMY ACT

No goods may be imported from nations that have been designated enemies of the United States.

TREATY OF VERSAILLES

1919 TREATY OFFICIALLY ENDING WWI.

UNRESTRICTED SUBMARINE WARFARE

A policy that the Germans announced on January 1917 which stated that their submarines would sink any ship in the British waters.

WAR INDUSTRIES BOARD

(WIB) GOV COMMISSION CREATED IN 1917 TO SUPERVISE THE PURCHASE OF MILITARY SUPPLIES AND OVERSEE THE CONVERSION OF THE ECONOMY TO MEET WARTIME DEMANDS. THE WIB EMBODIED A GOVERNMENT-BUSINESS PARTNERSHIP THAT LASTED BEYOND WAR WAR I.

WILSONS 14 POINTS

President Woodrow Wilson proposed a 14-point program for world peace: no secret treaties; freedom of the seas; removal of economic barriers; reduction of arms; adjust colonial claims

ZIMMERMAN NOTE

1917 TELEGRAM IN WHICH GERMANY OFFERED MEXICO AN ALLIANCE IN THE EVENT THAT THE US ENTERED WWI. THE TELEGRAM'S PUBLICATION IN AMERICAN NEWSPAPERS HELPED BUILD PUBLIC SUPPORT FOR WAR.

ROARING 20S

A time of booming business, lots of new entertainment like Jazz Age music, and new technologies.

A. MITCHELL PALMER

Attorney General who rounded up many suspects who were thought to be un-American and socialistic; he helped to increase the Red Scare; he was nicknamed the "Fighting Quaker" until a bomb destroyed his home; he then had a nervous breakdown and became known as the "Quaking Fighter."

AL CAPONE

A mob king in Chicago who controlled a large network of speakeasies with enormous profits. His illegal activities convey the failure of prohibition in the twenties and the problems with gangs.

BABE RUTH

He was a famous baseball player who played for the Yankees. He helped developed a rising popularity for professional sports.

CHARLES LINDBERGH

United States aviator who in 1927 made the first solo nonstop flight across the Atlantic Ocean (1902-1974).

EMERGENCY QUOTA ACT

1921 Act that stipulates only 3% of 1910 immigrants are allowed in.

FLAPPERS

Young women of the 1920s that behaved and dressed in a radical fashion.

Fordney-McCumber Tariff

1922 and 1930, raised tariffs extremely high on manufactured goods; benefited domestic manufacturers, but limited foreign trade

FUNDAMENTALISM

Conservative beliefs in the Bible and that it should be literally believed and applied.

GREAT MIGRATION TALKIES

HARLEM RENAISSANCE

THE WORK OF HARLEM-BASED AFRICAN AMERICAN WRITERS, ARTISTS, AND MUSICIANS THAT FLOURISHED WWI THROUGH THE 1920S.

HAWLEY-SMOOT TARIFF

1930 ACT DESIGNED TO INCREASE TARIFFS ON AGRICULTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL IMPORTS IN ORDER TO AID STRUGGLING FARMERS. HOWEVER, THE ACT CAUSED RETALIATORY TARIFFS BY OTHER COUNTRIES, WHICH BROADLY HURT AMERICAN BUSINESS

IMMIGRATION ACT OF 1924

Also known as the Johnson-Reed Act. Federal law limiting the number of immigrants that could be admitted from any country to 2% of the amount of people from that country who were already living in the U.S. as of the census of 1890.

JAZZ SINGER

1927 - The first movie with sound; this "talkie" was about the life of famous jazz singer; Al Jolson.

KELLOGG-BRIAND PACT

ARMS CONTROL AGREEMENT THAT OUTLAWED WAR AS AN INSTRUMENT OF NATIONAL POLICY FOLLOWING WORLD WAR I. THE POLICY PROVED UNENFORCEABLE.

LOST GENERATION

TERM COINED BY THE WRITER GERTRUDE STEIN TO DESCRIBE THE WRITERS AND ARTISTS DISILLUSIONED WITH THE CONSUMER CULTURE OF THE 1920S.

MCNARY-HAUGEN BILL

A plan to rehabilitate American agriculture by raising the domestic prices of farm products *Effects of the protective tariff and burdens of debt and taxation had created a serious agricultural depression and grew steadily worse

MODERN V. TRADITIONAL VALUES

NATIVISM

THE BELIEF THAT FOREIGNERS POSE A SERIOUS DANGER TO THE NATION'S SOCIETY AND CULTURE. NATIVIST SENTIMENT ROSE IN THE UNITED STATES AS THE SIZE AND DIVERSITY OF THE IMMIGRATION POPULATION GREW.

OHIO GANG

A group of poker-playing, men that were friends of President Warren Harding. Harding appointed them to offices and they used their power to gain money for themselves. They were involved in scandals that ruined Harding's reputation even though he wasn't involved.

RED SCARE

THE FEAR OF COMMUNIST-INSPIRED RADICALISM IN THE WAKE OF THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION. THE RED SCARE CULMINATED IN THE PALMER RAIDS ON SUSPECTED RADICALS.

RETURN TO NORMALCY

After World War I 1919-20s, when Harding was President, the US and Britain returned to isolatoinism. The US economy "boomed" but Europe continued to struggle. It was the calm before the bigger storm hit: World War II

SACCO & VANZETTI

1920 CASE IN WHICH NICOLA SACCO AND BARTOLOMEO VANZETTI WERE CONVICTED OF ROBBERY AND MURDER. THE TRIAL CENTERED ON THE DEFENDANTS' FOREIGN BIRTH AND POLITICAL VIEWS RATHER THAN THE FACTS PERTAINING TO THEIR GUILT OR INNOCENCE.

SCOPES TRIAL

1925 court case in which Clarence Darrow and William Jennings Bryan debated the issue of teaching evolution in public schools.

TEAPOT DOME SCANDAL

OIL AND LAND SCANDAL THAT HIGHLIGHTED THE CLOSE TIES BETWEEN BIG BUSINESSES AND THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT IN THE EARLY 1920S.

UNIVERSAL NEGRO IMPORVEMENT ASSOCIATION

(UNIA) ORGANIZATION FOUNDED BY MARCUS GARVEY IN 1914 TO PROMOTE BLACK SELF-HELP, PAN-AFRICANISM, AND RACIAL SEPARATISM

VOLSTEAD ACT

Bill passed by Congress to enforce the language of the 18th Amendment. This bill made the manufacture and distribution of alcohol illegal within the borders of the United States.

WASHINGTON DISARMAMENT CONFERENCE

An international conference on the limitation of naval fleet construction begins in Washington. Under the leadership of the American Secretary of State Charles Evans Hughes the representatives of the USA, Great Britain, France, Italy, and Japan pledge not to exceed the designated sizes of their respective naval fleets.

GREAT DEPRESSION

WORLDWIDE ECONOMIC COLLAPSE CAUSED BY OVERPRODUCTION AND FINANCIAL SPECULATION. IT AFFECTED THE UNITED STATES FROM OCTOBER OF 1929 UNTIL THE START OF WWII IN 1939.

AGRICULTURAL ADJUSTMENT ACT (AAA)

1933 NEW DEAL ACT THAT RAISED PRICES FOR FARM PRODUCE BY PAYING FARMERS SUBSIDIES TO REDUCE PRODUCTION. LARGE FARMERS REAPED MOST OF THE BENEFITS FROM THE ACT. IT WAS DECLARED UNCONSTITUTIONAL BY THE SUPREME COURT IN 1936.

BANK RUNS

People were running to banks to take their money out before the bank collapsed; People mistrusting banks, therefore going to the back and taking all their money out, then come to find that the bank does not have the money.

BLACK TUESDAY

OCTOBER 29, 1929 CRASH OF THE US STOCK MARKET. THIS EVENT HAS HISTORICALLY MARKED THE BEGINNING OF THE GREAT DEPRESSION, THOUGH IT WAS NOT THE DEPRESSION'S ROOT CAUSE.

BONUS ARMY

WWI VETERANS WHO MARCHED ON WASHINGTON, D.C. IN 1932 TO DEMAND IMMEDIATE PAYMENT OF THEIR SERVICE BONUSES. PRESIDENT HOOVER REFUSED TO NEGOTIATE AND INSTRUCTED THE US ARMY TO CLEAR THE CAPITAL OF PROTESTORS, LEADING TO A VIOLENT CLASH.

CIVILLIAN CONSERVATION CORPS (CCC)

NEW DEAL WORK PROGRAM THAT HIRED YOUNG, UNMARRIED MEN TO WORK ON CONSERVATION PROJECTS. IT EMPLOYED ABOUT 2.5 MILLION MEN AND LASTED UNTIL 1942.

COURT PACKING SCHEME

1937 PROPOSAL BY FRANKLIN ROOSEVELT TO INCREASE THE SIZE OF THE SUPREME COURT AND REDUCE ITS OPPOSITION TO NEW DEAL LEGISLATION. CONGRESS FAILED TO PASS THE MEASURE, AND THE SCHEME UNDERMINED ROOSEVELT'S POPULAR SUPPORT.

CIVIL WORKS ADMINISTRATION (CWA)

1933 NEW DEAL PROGRAM WHICH ONLY LASTED FOUR MONTHS BUT EMPLOYED MORE THAN 4 MILLION PEOPLE ON 400,000 PROJECTS, SUCH AS BUILDING SCHOOLS, ROADS, PLAYGROUNDS, AND AIRPORTS.

DR. FRANCIS TOWNSEND

Advanced the Old Age Revolving Pension Plan, which proposed that every retired person over 60 receive a pension of $200 a month (about twice the average week's salary). It required that the money be spent within the month.

DUST BOWL

NAME FOR THE SOUTHERN PLAINS OF THE US DURING THE GREAT DEPRESSION WHEN THE REGION EXPERIENCED MASSIVE DUST STORMS DUE TO SOIL EROSION CAUSED BY POOR FARMING PRACTICES AND DROUGHT.

EMERGENCY BANKING RELIEF ACT

1933 NEW DEAL EXECUTIVE ORDER THAT SHUT DOWN BANKS FOR SEVERAL DAYS TO CALM WIDESPREAD PANIC DURING THE GREAT DEPRESSION.

FAIR LABOR STANDARDS ACT

1938 LAW THAT PROVIDED A MINIMUM WAGE OF 40 CENTS AN HOUR AND A FOURTY-HOUR WORKWEEK FOR EMPLOYEES IN BUSINESSES ENGAGED IN INTERSTATE COMMERCE.

FATHER CHARLES COUGHLIN

A Catholic priest from Michigan who was critical of FDR on his radio show. His radio show morphed into being severly against Jews during WWII and he was eventually kicked off the air, however before his fascist (?) rants, he was wildly popular among those who opposed FDR's New Deal.

FEDERAL DEPOSIT INSURANCE CORPORATION (FDIC)

FEDERAL AGENCY CREATED UNDER THE NEW DEAL IN 1933. IT INSURED BANK DEPOSITS UP TO $5000, A FIGURE THAT WOULD SUBSTANTIALLY RISE OVER THE YEARS.

FIRESIDE CHATS

Informal talks given by FDR over the radio; sat by White House fireplace; gained the confidence of the people.

GLASS STEAGALL

1933 NEW DEAL LEGISLATION THAT ALLOWED SOLVENT BANKS TO REOPEN AND CREATED THE FEDERAL DEPOSIT INSURANCE CORPORATION (FDIC).

GOLD STANDARD

A monetary system in which paper money and coins are equal to the value of a certain amount of gold.

HOOVER'S RUGGED INDIVIDUALISM

Hoover did not believe in the government intervening in economic matters; thought it would trickle down.