Midterm- AP European History: Renaissance and Discovery (Chapter 2)

2\.1: The Renaissance in Italy - How did humanism affect culture in fourteenth and fifteenth- Century Italy?

Humanism recovered classical knowledge and language, it increased education as people began asking more questions about the world. Humanists wrote in vernacular so that the majority of the population, those who did not know how to speak Latin, would be able to understand and engage in humanist ideas.

2\.2: Italy’s Political Decline; The French Invasions - What were the causes of Italy’s political decline?

The Treaty of Lodi, which create an alliance between Milan, Naples, and Florence, ended when a Milanese leader, Ludovico il Moro’s power rose and caused hostilities between Milan and Naples. Ludovico sought aid from France and invited France to invade Italy which caused Charles VIII’s invasion of Italy.

2\.3: Revival of Monarchy in Northern Europe - How were the powerful monarchies of northern Europe different from their predecessors?

Monarchies went from a divided feudal monarchies to unified national monarchies.

2\.4:The Northern Renaissance - How did the northern Renaissance affect culture in Germany, England, France, and Spain?

Germany - Rudolf Agricola, ‘‘the father of German humanism’’ , brought Italian humanist ideas to German. Von Hutten illustrated the union of humanism, German nationalism, and Luther’s religious reforms. Johann Reuchlin emphasized Hebrew and Jewish learning, which caused Pfefferkorn to begin a movement to prohibit jewish learning and attacked Reuchlin. Many Germany humanists were on Reuchins side

England - Italian learning was spread throughout England by English scholars and merchants visiting Italy. A well-known English humanist was Thomas More, he wrote the Utopia which showed an imaginary and ideal society based on reason and tolerance. English Humanism paved the way for the English Reformation.

France - The French invasion of Italy made it possible for Italian learning to spread throughout France. Bude and Lefevre were leaders of French humanism, Lefevre influence Martin Luther’s idea. A generation of young reform- minded humanists was made in France.

Spain - Instead of using humanism to prepare for protestant reforms, humanism was used by the Catholic Church to maintain Spain Catholic. Cisneros enforced the strictest religious orthodoxy and he established the ‘‘Complutensian Polyglot Bible’’ which was the bible written in Hebrew, Greek, and Latin.

2\.5: Voyages of Discovery and the New Empires in the West and East - What were the motives for European voyages of discovery, and what were the consequences?

Since North African cities contained gold, sliks, and spices, it was targeted to the Portuguese and the Spanish voyages of Columbus. The Portuguese voyages allowed the sailors to develop new skills required to cross the oceans to the Americans and East Asia. In the attempt to go to the Spice Island Columbus ‘‘discovered’’ the Americas.