Chapter 9: The Market Revolution

National Road

The first highway built by the federal government. Constructed during 1825-1850, it stretched from Pennsylvania to Illinois. It was a major overland shipping route and an important connection between the North and the West.

Eli Whitney's cotton gin

Made cotton manufacturing much easier and faster by quickly removing seeds and sticks from raw cotton.

Cotton Kingdom

Cotton-producing region, relying predominantly on slave labor, that spanned from North Carolina west to Louisiana and reached as far north as southern Illinois.

Land Speculator

A person who buys land in the hope that it will increase in value and bring in a profit

Squatter

A frontier farmer who illegally occupied land owned by others or not yet officially opened for settlement.

Panic of 1819

Economic panic caused by extensive speculation and a decline of European demand for American goods along with mismanagement within the Second Bank of the United States. Often cited as the end of the Era of Good Feelings.

Transportation Revolution

A period of rapid growth in the speed and convenience of travel because of new methods of transportation.

Robert Fulton

American inventor who designed the first commercially successful steamboat and the first steam warship (1765-1815)

Telegraph

A device for rapid, long-distance transmission of information over an electric wire. It was introduced in England and North America in the 1830s and 1840s.

Dartmouth College v. Woodward

1819--New Hampshire had attempted to take over Dartmouth College by revising its colonial charter. The Court ruled that the charter was protected under the contract clause of the U. S. Constitution; upholds the sanctity of contracts.

Gibbons v. Ogden

Commerce clause case (1824). Decision greatly enlarged Congress' interstate commerce clause power by broadly defining the meaning of "commerce" to include virtually all types of economic activity. Pair with Lopez & Morrison cases (limiting commerce power).

Nativism

the policy of protecting the interests of native-born or established inhabitants against those of immigrants.

Erie Canal

A canal between the New York cities of Albany and Buffalo, completed in 1825. The canal, considered a marvel of the modern world at the time, allowed western farmers to ship surplus crops to sell in the North and allowed northern manufacturers to ship finished goods to sell in the West.

John Deere

American blacksmith that was responsible for inventing the steel plow. This new plow was much stronger than the old iron version; therefore, it made plowing farmland in the west easier, making expansion faster.

Cyrus McCormick

Irish-American inventor that developed the mechanical reaper. The reaper replaced scythes as the preferred method of cutting crops for harvest, and it was much more efficient and much quicker. The invention helped the agricultural growth of America.

Transcendentalism

A philosophy pioneered by Ralph Waldo Emerson in the 1830's and 1840's, in which each person has direct communication with God and Nature, and there is no need for organized churches. It incorporated the ideas that mind goes beyond matter, intuition is valuable, that each soul is part of the Great Spirit, and each person is part of a reality where only the invisible is truly real. Promoted individualism, self-reliance, and freedom from social constraints, and emphasized emotions.

Porkopolis

Nickname of Cincinnati, coined in the mid-nineteenth century, after its numerous slaughter houses.

Manifest Destiny

the 19th-century doctrine or belief that the expansion of the US throughout the American continents was both justified and inevitable.

The Economic Revolution

growth of towns and the rise of a class of wealthy merchants in Europe; population remains mostly rural and poor; increased wealth of nation; creation of national identity

Samuel Slater

He was a British mechanic that moved to America and in 1791 invented the first American machine for spinning cotton. He is known as "the Father of the Factory System" and he started the idea of child labor in America's factories.

Lowell Mills

Textile mills located in a *factory town* in Massachusetts; employed mostly women between the ages of 16 and 35 known as *Lowell Mill Girls*.
*Historical Significance:*
Workers actively participated in early labor reform by circulating legislative petitions, forming labor organizations, contributing essays and articles to a pro-labor newspaper, and participating in "turn-outs" or strikes.

Lowell, Massachusetts

Grew to be the second largest city in New England with the arrival of the Boston Manufacturing Company. Famous historical site where women worked in mills and slept in company boarding houses. Located on the Merrimack River.

Eli Whitney

United States inventor of the mechanical cotton gin (1765-1825)

Cotton Gin

A machine for cleaning the seeds from cotton fibers, invented by Eli Whitney in 1793

Second Great Awakening

A second religious fervor that swept the nation. It converted more than the first. It also had an effect on moral movements such as prison reform, the temperance movement, and moral reasoning against slavery.

Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints

Religious sect founded in 1830 by Joseph Smith; it was a product of the intense revivalism of the "burned-over district" of New York. Smith's successor Brigham Young led 15,000 followers to Utah in 1847 to escape persecution.

Cult of Domesticity

idealized view of women & home; women, self-less caregiver for children, refuge for husbands

American System of Manufacturing

-Large scale manufacture of standardized products with interchangeable parts in order to reduce manufacturing cost

Individualism

a social theory favoring freedom of action for individuals over collective or state control.

interchangeable parts

Identical components that can be used in place of one another in manufacturing