Plant Kingdom

Sexual reproduction

Sexual reproduction

________ is oogamous and accompanied by complex post fertilization developments.

Asexual reproduction

________ is by the production of different types of spores, the most common being the zoospores.

female sex organ

The ________ in a flower is the pistil which consists of a swollen ovary at its base, a long slender style and stigma.

male sex organ

The ________ in a flower is the stamen.

pollen grains

The ________ and ovules are developed in specialized structures called flowers and the seeds are enclosed in fruits.

plant body

The ________ is usually attached to the substratum by a holdfast, and has a stalk, the stipe and leaf like photosynthetic organ, the frond.

multicellular body

They produce a(n) ________ called a sporophyte.

Pollen grain

________, after dispersal from the anthers, are carried by wind or various other agencies to the stigma of a pistil.

fertilization

Following ________, zygote develops into an embryo and the ovules into seeds which are not covered.

complex carbohydrates

Food is stored as ________, which may be in the form of laminarin or mannitol.

bryophytes

Unlike ________ and pteridophytes, in gymnosperms the male and the female gametophytes do not have an independent free- living existence.

zygote

The ________ develops into an embryo (with one or two cotyledons) and the PEN develops into endosperm which provides nourishment to the developing embryo.

sporophytes

The ________ bear sporangia that are subtended by leaf- like appendages called sporophylls.

gymnosperms

The leaves in ________ are well- adapted to withstand extremes of temperature, humidity and wind.

terrestrial plants

They are the first ________ to possess vascular tissues- xylem and phloem.

trans shipment

Species of Sphagnum, a moss, provide peat that have long been used as fuel, and as packing material for ________ of living material because of their capacity to hold water.

Selaginella

The leaves are small (microphylls) as in ________ or large (macrophylls) as in ferns.

dense mats

Since mosses form ________ on the soil, they reduce the impact of falling rain and prevent soil erosion.

slender

Each stamen consists of a(n) ________ filament with an anther at the tip.

antherozoid fuses

A(n) ________ with the egg to produce the zygote.

conifers

In ________, the needle- like leaves reduce the surface area.

nucellus

The ________ is protected by envelopes and the composite structure is called an ovule.

sporangia

The ________ produce spores by meiosis in spore mother cells which germinate to give rise to inconspicuous, small but multicellular, free- living, mostly photosynthetic thalloid gametophytes called prothallus.

brown algae

They are ________ which are found primarily in marine habitats.

mosses

The sporophyte in ________ is more elaborate than that in liverworts.

capsule

The ________ contains spores which are formed after meiosis.

Dryopteris

The pteridophytes are further classified into four classes: Psilopsida (Psilotum); Lycopsida (Selaginella, Lycopodium), Sphenopsida (Equisetum) and Pteropsida (________, Pteris, Adiantum)

fertilisation

After ________, the zygote develops into a sporophyte, consisting of a foot, seta and capsule.

sandy soil

They are found in cool, damp, shady places though some may flourish well in ________ conditions.

Pyrenoids

________ contain protein besides starch.

shady habitats

They grow usually in moist, ________ such as banks of streams, marshy ground, damp soil, bark of trees and deep in the woods.

Gemmae

________ are green, multicellular, asexual buds, which develop in small receptacles called ________ cups located on the thalli.

meiosis

After ________, spores are produced within the capsule.

r phycoerythrin

They are red algae because of the predominance of the red pigment, ________ in their body.

protoplast

The ________ contains plastids, a centrally located vacuole and nucleus.

synergids

The ________ and antipodals degenerate after fertilisation.

bear two

The gametes are pyriform (pear- shaped) and ________ laterally attached flagella.

ovary wall

These are plants in which the ovules are not enclosed by any ________ and remain exposed, both before and after fertilisation.

rigid cell wall

They have a(n) ________ made of an inner layer of cellulose and an outer layer of pectose.

mother cell

Within the anthers, the pollen ________ divide by meiosis to produce microspores which matures into pollen grains.

thallus

The ________ is dorsiventral and closely appressed to the substrate.

vegetative cells

The ________ have a cellulosic wall usually covered on the outside by a gelatinous coating of algin.

fresh water

They are chlorophyll- bearing, simple, thalloid, autotrophic and largely aquatic (both ________ and marine) organisms.

transfer of antherozoids

Water is required for ________.

plate

The chloroplasts may be discoid, ________- like, reticulate, cup- shaped, spiral or ribbon- shaped in different species.

new plants

They are flagellated (motile) and on germination gives rise to ________.

young embryos

The development of the zygotes into ________ take place within the female gametophytes.

archegonium

The antherozoids are released into water where they come in contact with ________.

pollen tube

The ________ carrying the male gametes grows towards archegonia in the ovules and discharge their contents near the mouth of the archegonia.

megaspore mother cell

The ________ is differentiated from one of the cells of the nucellus.

They occur in a variety of other habitats

moist stones, soils and wood

Examples

Chlamydomonas, Volvox, Ulothrix, Spirogyra and Chara

Examples

Ectocarpus, Dictyota, Laminaria, Sargassum and Fucus

Examples

Polysiphonia, Porphyra, Gracilaria and Gelidium

Examples

Funaria, Polytrichum and Sphagnum

They are the first terrestrial plants to possess vascular tissues

xylem and phloem

The pteridophytes are further classified into four classes

Psilopsida (Psilotum); Lycopsida (Selaginella, Lycopodium), Sphenopsida (Equisetum) and Pteropsida (Dryopteris, Pteris, Adiantum)

Roots in some genera have fungal association in the form of mycorrhiza (Pinus), while in some others (Cycas) small specialised roots called coralloid roots are associated with N2

fixing cyanobacteria

Each embryo-sac has a three-celled egg apparatus

one egg cell and two synergids, three antipodal cells and two polar nuclei