LEC 27

1970s Middle East Dynamics

The Middle East underwent significant shifts in its Cold War role during the 1970s, showcasing its influence on global politics and economics through events like the 1973 oil crisis.

OPEC and Oil

OPEC, dominated by Middle Eastern producers, used its power to impact global oil prices, as seen in the 1973 oil crisis, highlighting the region's strategic importance in energy markets.

Rise of Islamist Movements

Dissatisfaction with secular, socialist-leaning governments in the 1970s led to the emergence of Islamist movements like the Muslim Brotherhood, challenging established power dynamics in the Middle East.

Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO)

Founded in 1964, the PLO represented Palestinian interests and engaged in both diplomatic and militant actions, impacting regional conflicts beyond the Israeli-Palestinian struggle.

Lebanese Civil War

The 1975-1990 civil war in Lebanon, fueled by sectarian tensions, drew in rival militias and regional powers like Syria, causing significant human suffering and lasting impacts on the region.

Iranian Revolution 1979

The revolution in Iran led to the establishment of an Islamic theocracy, reshaping regional politics and relations with the US, culminating in the US-Iran Hostage Crisis.

Iran-Iraq War

The war, triggered by the Iranian Revolution and fueled by oil interests, led to a protracted conflict that radicalized Iran and drew in international actors, shaping regional dynamics.

Israeli Intervention in Lebanon

Israel's 1982 invasion aimed to expel the PLO from Lebanon but faced criticism for civilian casualties, contributing to the rise of groups like Hezbollah and long-term consequences for Lebanon and Israel.

Sabra and Shatila Massacres

The massacres in September 1982, carried out by Phalangist militia in Palestinian refugee camps, led to international condemnation and Western powers facing challenges from Iran-backed groups like Hezbollah.

Late Cold War Middle East

Oil and strategic realignments centered the Middle East in global politics, leading to a lasting US presence and a shift towards religious, sectarian, and ethnic identities in regional conflicts.